with it, and thus acting as a kind of inspiration. This is the effective way with educated audiences, who are more responsive to the finer shadings of thought and sentiment; it is the prevailing one also in demonstrative and memorial oratory. EXAMPLE. -The following, for those to whom the oration is addressed, has all the power of appeal, though there is no explicit naming of motives: 66 Despite Napoleon even battles are not sums in arithmetic. Strange that a general, half of whose success was due to a sentiment, the glory of France, which welded his army into a thunderbolt, and still burns for us in the fervid song of Béranger, should have supposed that it is numbers and not conviction and enthusiasm which win the final victory. The career of no man in our time illustrates this truth more signally than Garibaldi's. He was the symbol of the sentiment which the wise Cavour molded into a nation, and he will be always canonized more universally than any other Italian patriot, because no other represents so purely and simply to the national imagination the Italian ideal of patriotic devotion. His enthusiasm of conviction made no calculation of defeat, because while he could be baffled he could not be beaten. It was a stream flowing from a mountain height, which might be delayed or diverted, but knew instinctively that it must reach the sea. 'Italia farà da se.' Garibaldi was that faith incarnate, and the prophecy is fulfilled. Italy, more proud than stricken, bears his bust to the Capitol, and there the eloquent marble will say, while Rome endures, that one man with God, with country, with duty and conscience, is at last the majority." 1 Thirdly, such appeal may in strong cases take the form of invective. This is simply appeal in negative; that is, it endeavors to shame the hearers out of unworthy motives, in favor of motives more consonant with the cause and more worthy of the men. Just as one may appeal to justice, patriotism, honesty, benevolence, so, as a reverse, he may inveigh against wrong, cowardice, meanness, selfishness. The urgency of the occasion, together with the vehemence or tact of the speaker, determines the method. It should be observed, that from the beginning the drift of sentiment in oratory has 1 GEORGE WILLIAM CURTIS, Orations and Addresses, Vol. i, p. 333. been increasingly against using personalities; it is principles, rather than men, that should be attacked. EXAMPLE. The following, as an instrument of refutation, accuses Mr. Pitt of public dishonesty and lack of faith :— "Sir, I will not say that in all this he was not honest to his own purpose, and that he has not been honest in his declarations and confessions this night; but I cannot agree that he was honest to this House or honest to the people of this country. To this House it was not honest to make them counteract the sense of the people, as he knew it to be expressed in the petitions upon the table, nor was it honest to the country to act in a disguise, and to pursue a secret purpose unknown to them, while affecting to take the road which they pointed out. I know not whether this may not be honesty in the political ethics of the right honorable gentlemen; but I know that it would be called by a very different name in the common transactions of society, and in the rules of morality established in private life. I know of nothing in the history of this country that it resembles, except, perhaps, one of the most profligate periods — the reign of Charles II., when the sale of Dunkirk might probably have been justified by the same pretense. That monarch also declared war against France, and did it to cover a negotiation by which, in his difficulties, he was to gain a 'solid system of finance." 1 Fox, Rejection of Bonaparte's Overtures, Select British Eloquence, p. 542. INDEX OF SUBJECTS. [The titles of main divisions, books, chapters, and sections are in small capitals.] Abbreviation and condensation of words in poetic diction, 142. Abstract, 583. Accelerated movement in narration, 523. Adaptation in rhetoric, 1; Lines of, 3. Adjective and adverb in prose, The, 149. Alertness of mind, 398. Alexandrine verse, 182. Allegory, 85. Alliance with audience in oratory, 645. of kinds of paragraph, 382. Americanisms, 55. of, 464; Accessories of, 471. Analogy, 77; in exposition, 567; in argumentation, 614. Analysis, in exposition, 579; by alterna- Anecdotes in amplification, 470; as type Animus of word and figure, 102. Antecedent, 246; Preparing the, for reference, 249. Anticipative it and there, 254- Anticlimax, 294. Antique diction, 133. ANTITHESIS, 271; Errors of, 274; as ob- Aphoristic literature, 461. Apothegmatic ending of paragraph, 378; APPROACHES TO INVENTION (Chap. A priori argument, 609. Argument, inductive, Grades and species Arguments, Order of, 639. Arrangement of words, prose, 113; in Association, Figures of, 77; of thoughts, Assonance, 157. Asyndeton, 318 footnote. Attack and defense in debate, 637. Audience, Orator's relation with, 645. Balanced structure, 309; sentence, The, 352. Ballad measure, 180. Bathos, 294. Beauty, as quality of style, 37. Beginnings and endings in paragraph Bifurcate classification, 572, 623. Blending and interchange of measures, Body, by amplification, 462. Brevity, Tendency to, in poetic diction, 141. Burden of proof, The, 637. Cadence, 219; as conclusion, 456. Casual topics of meditation, 408. Cause and effect, Law of, in thought- Chain of reasoning, 621, 627. Circumstantial evidence, 611. CLIMAX, 292; in stages of plan, 440; Coinage for occasion, 64. Colloquialisms, Non-, in poetic diction, 145. Coloring by amplification, 463; due to Combinations and proportions in sen- tences, 354. Comma, The, 328. Commonplace books, 419. Comparison not simile, 78; Spirit of a, Compendious reading, 413. xiii), 420. Compounding of words in poetic diction, 143. Concentration, Tendency to, in poetic diction, 141. Concession in debate, 638. Concord of subject and verb, 223. for rapidity, 299; as abstracting Condensation of words in poetic diction, Conditional conjunctions, 265. Words and Figures for (Chap. tion, 443. Continuity of movement, in narration, 520. Contrast, Law of, in thought-association, 444; element of, in narrative move- Coördinating class of conjunctions, 260. CORRELATION, 257. Couplet, The heroic, 185. Criticism, 591; ways of publication, 592; Dactylic measure, 176; hexameter, 183. DEBATE, 634. Decorative epithets, 147. Deductive order of thought-building, The, 448. Definition, 558; The core of, 559; Analy- Degree of meaning, 50. DENOTATION, CHOICE OF WORDS FOR Dénouement in narrative, The, 517. Descriptive details, Subdual of, 486; in Descriptive words, 162, 296; poetry, 508. Details, in amplification, 468; Subdual ITS INTERACTIONS WITH PROSE (Chap. vi), 139; THE SENTENCE Didactic end, in narration, 518. Dilemma, 624. Discipline, as aid to invention, 392; |