fications become exceedingly complex, and the problem of steering a straight and clear course through is no small one. EXAMPLE. The following sentence will show in a comparatively simple example some of the workings of these three tributary lines. For clearer distinction it is put in tabular form: — Main Sentence. Subject: "THEIR DIM PURPOSE, very dim often, yet struggling always Predicate: WAS, AND EVER IS, no other than THIS: To conform themselves to the Eternal Laws, Laws of Necessity, revealed Laws of God, or whatever good or worse, or better or best name they give it: Coördinate Sentence. THIS EVER IS, AND MUST Here the tributary portions are devoted mostly to defining the two ideas dim and Laws, the first modification being thus adverbial, the second adjectival or appositive. The coördinate sentence repeats the idea more sententiously, and with order of subject and predicate reversed. II. Types of Structure. In this intricate meshwork of verbal, phrasal, and clausal forms, functions main and tributary, relations coördinate and subordinate, it is important to recognize if we may, in the case of any sentence, some underlying type or norm from which we may estimate as from a chart the various lines of construction. For this purpose we may here adopt Professor Earle's classification.2 Starting from the familiar grammatical distinction of sentences as simple, compound, and complex, we may distinguish three main types, which, though not always rigidly or exclu 1 CARLYLE, Historical Sketches, p. 2. sively adhered to,' are comprehensive enough to include singly. or by intermixture the great body of procedure. 1. The Simplex Type. Assuming, as in all these definitions, that the verb is the key to the sentence's idea, and that the conjunction is the key to its articulation, we may define the simplex as a sentence with only one principal verb, or, what comes to the same thing, without an interlinking conjunction. Sentences of this type, plain as it is, may assume a considerable appearance of intricacy by cumulated subjects, and by phrasal or participial adjuncts to subject or predicate or both. The conjunctions that appear between subject members or adjuncts are, it is to be observed, not elements of sentence articulation, but merely verbal connectives. EXAMPLES. 1. Of the plain simplex. "Self-preservation is the first rule of every community." "In the window of his mother's apartment lay Spenser's Fairy Queen."" Here, although some phrasal modifiers are introduced, the framework of subject and single verb is clear. 2. Of the simplex disguised by other matter. "For somewhat more than four hundred years, the Roman Empire and the Christian Church, born into the world almost at the same moment, had been developing themselves side by side as two great rival powers, in deadly struggle for the possession of the human race.' "3 Here there is a double subject, its two members modified by a participial phrase; there is an adverbial time phrase; and the object of the verb has a long appositional addition; but the single verb, had been developing, holds the sentence to its underlying simplex type. 2. The Composita Type. The essential character of this type is coördination. It is the kind of sentence wherein the predication is made by two or more principal verbs, expressed 1 "The reader must not expect to find pure examples of the above types ready to hand in every page, nor will he be justified in concluding that therefore the types themselves are imaginary and unreal. It is essential to freedom and elasticity and beauty of discourse, that there should be no obtrusive persistence of rigid types; but at the same time it is useful for us to observe or by analytic process to disengage such types, because they are the elementary factors of an endless variety."— Ib., p. 87. 2 JOHNSON, Lives of the Poets, Cowley. 8 KINGSLEY, Hypatia, Preface. or understood, and wherein the conjunctions are of the coördinating class.1 These several verbs may either be predicates of the same subject, or may have their separate subjects; in which latter case the whole sentence is a cluster of sentences bound into one by a logical connection. In two ways the composite character of this type of sentence, while still intact, may be somewhat disguised. In a series of more than two predications the connecting conjunctions may be expressed only with the last, or may be wholly omitted. And secondly, when the several verbs would naturally be the same if expressed, the verb may be expressed only once for the series. EXAMPLES. -1. Of plain composita. With a single subject: "The righteous shall inherit the land, and dwell therein forever." — With a subject for each verb: “Art makes knowledge a means, but science makes it an end”; “Then this world will fade away, and the other world will shine forth"; "The advice is the same, though the reason of it is different." Here the several coördinating conjunctions are but, and, and though. Clusters of more than two members: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God"; "He provides, and she dispenses; he gives commandments, and she rules by them; he rules her by authority, and she rules him by love; she ought by all means to please him, and he must by no means displease her." Here each of the semicoloned members is itself a composita of two members. 2. Of composita disguised. The example last quoted shows asyndeton between the larger members. The classical example of asyndeton is, “I came, I saw, I conquered." — Ellipsis of repeated verb: "They never see any good in suffering virtue, nor ^ any crime in prosperous usurpation.” Here the full sense would be "nor do they see any crime," etc. "It is not the business of the Arts to worry the reason, but rather to stimulate the imagination, and soothe the feelings of mankind."3 3. The Evoluta Type. The essential character of this type is subordination. It is the kind of sentence wherein one main 1 For coördinating conjunctions, see above, p. 260. 2 This latter ellipsis, which gives the condensing effect of abruptness (cf. p. 298, above) is technically called Asyndeton. 8 These quotations are nearly all taken from Professor Earle, op. cit., pp. 78, 79. assertion has appended to it ancillary clauses giving some kind of explanatory or limiting matter. These helping clauses may be appended either to the noun parts of the sentence (subject, object of a verb, object of a preposition), in which case its connective is a relative pronoun or relative adverb; or to the verb parts (predicate, infinitive, participle), in which case its connective is a conjunction of the subordinating class.1 Often the Evoluta has an inverted arrangement, the appended clauses, of condition, time, explanation, and the like, being placed first, and thus accumulating for the main predicate the distinction of suspensive structure.2 EXAMPLES. 1. Of various ways of introducing subordinate clauses. The introducing words, conjunctions or relatives, are here italicized. "People usually consider that an opinion by which no fee is earned is worth just what it cost."—"Englishmen are prepared to believe that if their country is to continue to be the greatest nation of the world, it must be as the centre of a naval confederacy which has its harbors in every sea." "The Catholic gentry, who had been painted as longing for the coming of the stranger, led their tenantry, when the stranger came, to the muster at Tilbury." -"Milton, who, in his letter to Hartlib, had declared, that to read Latin with an English mouth is as ill a hearing as Law French, required that Elwood should learn and practice the Italian pronunciation, which, he said, was necessary, if he would talk with foreigners." 2. Of inverted order of evolute clauses. "That I have ta'en away this old man's daughter, It is most true."—"Why it is, and what it is to issue in, and how it is what it is, and how we came to be introduced into it, and what is our destiny, are all mysteries." Here the subordinate clauses are coördinated with each other by and, all being alike subject to the main assertion. If I cannot go with the authority and protection of my government, I prefer not to go at all."3 It hardly needs to be remarked here that these types may be mixed in many ways; the fact that any modifying element 1 For the list of relatives, pronominal and adverbial, see Table of Retrospective Reference, p. 247; for subordinating conjunctions, p. 265. 2 For suspension by conjunctional clauses, see p. 281. 8 Quotations taken, as before, mostly from Earle, op. cit., pp. 81, 83. may assume the clausal form makes this mixture natural to any underlying structure. It is not difficult, however, in most cases, to detect the relations of one type to another, and so explain the combination. II. INTERRELATION OF ELEMENTS. The ample, though limited, range of logical relations that may exist between the constituent elements of a sentence all grows out of the necessary quality of unity. However broad and diversified the impression made by the sentence, it must be one impression; all the lines of assertion, implication, shading, must focalize into one comprehensive thought. To this end account must be taken of these internal relations, and of the means of making them clear to the reader. I. Errors of Interrelation. - An organism which is a unity must just as truly, if it is an organism, be a diversity. Two errors of interrelation, arising respectively from the disregard of these necessary qualities, may here be noted. 1. The disregard of unity shows itself in what is called the heterogeneous sentence. This is a sentence run on carelessly, admitting all collateral ideas that can be crowded in, until there are several distinct subjects of thought, and no one of paramount importance to which all may be counted as subservient. It is much like talking without a pause till one is out of breath. It is not the same as a long sentence; it is rather a long sentence that fails to produce unity of effect. EXAMPLES. The tendency to let a sentence become heterogeneous may work in two ways: trying to crowd the interior of the sentence too full of extraneous matters; and tacking on an afterthought at the end. 1. Heterogeneous by insignificant details. "The usual acceptation takes profit and pleasure for two different things; and not only calls the fol |