us, and of which our whole collected brotherhood alike bear witness. Never have I beheld a life and deportment so thoroughly submissive. I placed him in an elevated rank in the community, but he appeared the lowest of all by the simplicity of his dress and his abstinence from all the enjoyments of the sense. I speak not of luxury, for that was a stranger to him, he refused everything but what was indispensable for the sustenance of life. He read continually, prayed often, and never spoke except when literary conversation or holy discussion compelled him to break silence. His mind and tongue seemed concentrated on philosophical and divine instructions. Simple, straight-forward, reflecting on eternal judgments, shunning all evil, he consecrated the closing hours of his illustrious life."-From a letter of Peter the Venerable to Heloise on the death of Abelard.

XXII.

THE RENAISSANCE, OR EDUCATION IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 1. Adams, G. B. Civilization During the Middle Ages. Chap. 15. 2. Buckhardt, J. The Civilization of the Period of Renaissance in Italy (Nat'l Sci. in Italy) 2:9; (The Perfect Man in Society) 2:150; (The position of women) 2:160. Reviewed by Henrietta S. Gardiner in Dial. 11:192.

3. Bruno, G. Lewes' History of Philosophy. 2:92 ff; Mind, 9:236-64; Fortn. Rev., 52:234-244 (Article by Walter Pater).

4. Clarke, Sarah F. The Portraits of Dante. Cent., 5:574-581. Exile of Dante. Cent. 5:734-752, 833-849.

5. Compayre, G. History of Pedagogy. Chap. 5, pp. 83-111.

6.

Cox, K. Sculptors of the Early Italian Renaissance. Cent. 7:62-66.

7. Davidson, Thos. History of Education. pp. 175-189.

8. Drane, A. T. Christian Schools and Scholars. (II, Chaps. 5-9).

9. Draper, John W. Intellectual Development of Europe. 2:190 ff.

10. Duruy, Victor. History of the Middle Ages.

11. Emerson, A. Petrarch and the Universities. Overland (2d series).

8:190-195.

12. Fisher, Geo. P. History of the Christian Church.

13.

Gardner, Ida. Renaissance. Educa. 8:547-555. The Great Revival.
Educa. 8:663-670.

14. Graves, F. P. History of Education During the Middle Ages. Chap.

12.

15. Graves, F. P.

A Student's History of Education. Chap. 12.

Peter Ramus and the Educational Reformation of the

16. Graves, F. P. 16th Century.

17. Hallam, Henry. Introduction to the Literature of the Middle Ages. I. 18. Hudson, W. H. The Story of the Renaissance. Chapters 1, 2, 3. History of Education. p. 149.

19. Kemp, E. L.

20. Kiddle & Schem. Cyclopedia of Education: Erasmus, Humanities, Sturm.

21. Laurie, S. S. The Renaissance and the School. School Rev. 4:140148, 200-214.

22. Laurie, S. S. Educational Opinion from the Renaissance.

23. Lewes, G. H. History of Philosophy. 2:89.

24. Liscomb, W. S. The Loss and Recovery of Classical Manuscripts. Educa. 2:22-37.

25. Meyerhardt, M. W. Wandering Scholars. Ped. Sem. 22:401-412 Sept. 1915.

26. Monroe, Paul (Editor). Cyclopedia of Education. See under appropriate headings.

27. Monroe, Paul. Text-Book in History of Education. pp. 351-400. 28. Monroe, Paul. Thomas Platter and Educational Renaissance of the 16th Century.

29. Morley, Henry. English Writers. 7:1-20.

30. Painter, F. V. N.

31. Palgrave, J. K.

24:340-359.

History of Education. p. 119.

Chaucer and the Italian Renaissance. 19th Cent.

32. Paulding, J. K. The Wandering scholar of the 16th Century. Atlan. Mo. 66:480-491.

33. Paulsen, Fr. German Universities. Also in Report U. S. Comr. of Educa. 1891-1892. 1:247-368.

34. Payne, Jos. History of Education. Vol. 2, Lecture IV.

35. Perrin, J. W.

Rise of National Education in the Sixteenth Century. Proc. N. E. A. 1901, pp. 613-619.

36. Platter, Thos. School Life in the 15th Century (translation); also Am. Jour. Educa. 5:79-90.

37. Putnam, Geo. H. Books and Their Makers During the Middle Ages. I.

38. Quick, R. H. Renaissance and Its Influence on Education. Educa. 1:37-47, 177-179. Renaissance Tendencies. Educa. 9:583-586. Sturm. Educa. 10:379-383.

39. Raumer, K. G. von.

Eminent Teachers in the Netherlands. Am.

Jour. Educa. 4:714-728.

40. Raumer, K. G. von. The Hieronymians. Am. Jour. Educa. 4:622

628.

41. Raumer, K. G. von.

Am. Jour. Educa.

History of Education in Italy, Middle Ages. 7:413-460.

42. Schmid, K. A. Geschichte der Erziehung. II, Pat. 2.

43. Sonnenschein. Cyclopedia of Education. See Renaissance, p. 334. 44. Stillman, W. J. Italian Old Masters, with engravings. Cent.:Lippi, 18:462-463; Boticelli, 18:501-509; Gozzoli, 17:58-61; Mantegna, 17:395-402; Bellini, 17:852-856; Signorelli, 19:73-78; Leonardo da Vinci, 19:838-842.

45. Symonds, J. A. Renaissance in Italy: Age of despots. Chap. I, Fine Arts (see index). The New Spirit; Fortn. Rev., 59:427-444. Renaissance; Ency. Brit.

46. Tatham, E. H. R. Erasmus in Italy. Eng. Hist. Rev. 10:642-662. 47. Williams, S. G. History of Modern Education. Chaps. 2, 3, and 4. 48. Woodward, W. H. Education during the Renaissance. 49. Seeley, Levi. History of Education. pp. 148-154.

SUGGESTIONS AND QUESTIONS.

"Beginning as the hand-maid of the Church, and stimulated by the enthusiasm of the great popular monastic orders, painting was at first devoted to embodying the thoughts of Mediaeval Christianity. In proportion as the painters fortified themselves by study of the natural world, their art became more secular. Mysticism gave way to realism. It was felt that much beside religious sentiment was worthy of expression.” J. A. Symonds, Renaissance in Italy; Fine Arts, p. 185.

The above quotation has reference to but a single phase of the Renaissance, that of painting which in its richest period covers the 15th and 16th centuries. The change from Byzantine art to that of the Renaissance was led by the well known artists: Cimabue (1240-1302), Giotto (1266-1377), and Fra Angelica (1387-1455). To these may be added the more renowned artists: the Bellinis, the Lippis, Mantegna (1431-1556), Perugino (14461524), Botticelli (1447-1515), Bartolommeo (1469-1517), Tintorretto (1518-1594), (Paolo) Veronese (1532-1588); and the still greater renowned: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Michelangelo (1475-1564), Titian (1477-1576), Rapheal (1483-1520). Many more might be named and yet the list belongs only to Italy. Other countries produced masters of art of almost equal renown; one such was the German painter, engraver, writer, Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528). In language and literature appear the names of Dante (1265-1321), Petrarch (1304-1374), Boccaccio

(1313-1375), Chaucer (1328-1400), Chrisoloras (1355-1415), Vittorina da Feltre (1378-1446), Erasmus (1457-1536), and others. But the Renaissance or Great Awakening was equally fertile in the fields of philosophy, science, religion, literature, art, industry, ethics, and politics.

The Renaissance was not a sudden awakening or rebirth. It had been coming on for centuries. The first renascence or revival of learning occurred in the time of Charlemagne, the second renascence occurred during the period of scholasticism, but in the third renascence the swing of the pendulum went so far that to that revival has been given the name Renaissance. The effect of the Renaissance on education and the schools was great as will be seen in following lessons.

2. Describe briefly the more important phases of this period.

3. In what fields of activity was there a decided revival?

4.

What was the immediate effect of the Renaissance on the methods of instruction?

5. Note in particular the growth of the national spirit; native language, literature, government, schools. Growth in architecture, industry, art, new discoveries and inventions, change of ideals.

6.

7.

Describe the life and schools of the Bacchants, or wandering students. Show how the interaction of the three great forces-the Church, chivalry, and the trade gilds—created the foundation of the Renaissance. 8. What nation led in the schools of the Renaissance period? In Commerce? In Art? In Literature?

XXIII.

HUMANISM AND REALISM.

ERASMUS (1467-1536). STURM (1507-1589).

1. Allen, P. S. The Age of Erasmus. Especially Chaps. 2 and 3. 2. Barnard, Henry (Editor). John Colet and St. Paul's School. Am. Jour. Educa. 16:657-688.

3. Barnard, Henry. The Renaissance in Italy. Am. Jour. Educa. 7:413-460.

4. Barnard, Henry. Sir Thomas More's Letters on the Education of Children. Am. Jour Educa. 23:369-376.

5. Browning, O. Educational Theories: Humanistic, pp. 35-50; Realistic, pp. 51-68.

6. Browning, O. Humanism in Education. Science. 9:161-163. (Feb. 18, 1887.)

7. Compayre, G. History of Pedagogy (see index.)

9.

8. Drummond, R. B. Erasmus, His Life and Character. Vols. 1 and 2. Erasmus. Quart. Rev. 180:1-35 (Jan.). Erasmus. Cornhill Mag. 12:116-128.

10.

11. Emerton, Ephriam. Desiderius Erasmus.

12. Fraser, A. Psychological Foundation of Natural Realism. Am. Jour. of Psych. 4:429-450.

13. Froude, J. A. Life and Letters of Erasmus. pp. 1-22, 58, 67, 100, 138, 181, 321. For criticism of Froude's Life on Erasmus, see Acad., 46:343-344; Dial, 18:73-75; Sat. Rev., 78:384-386; Ath. Oct. 6, 1894, pp. 447-448; Spec., 73:524-525.

14. Graves, F. P. A History of Education During the Mediaeval Ages. Chaps. 13 and 14.

15. Graves, F. P. A Student's History of Education. Chap. 12.

16. Harris, W. T. Realism. Johnson's Encyc. 7:15.

17. Hudson, W. W. Story of the Renaissance. pp. 97-104, 151-152.
18.
Humanism in Germany. Westm. 119-163.

19. Hunt, W. Letters of Erasmus. Quarterly Rev. 204:392-411.
20. Jebb, R. O. Humanism in Education. Pamphlet.

21. Kiddle & Schem. Cyclopedia of Education. pp. 282, 435, 795. 22. Knight. Labors of Erasmus for St. Paul's School. Am. Jour. Educa.

16:673-682.

23. Laugel, A. Precursors of the Renaissance. Nation. 34:312-313,336. 24. Marsh, A. R. Humanism. Johnson's Encyc. 4:402.

25. McCosh, J. Realism, Its Place in the Philosophies. New Prin. Rev. 2:315.

26. Monroe, Paul. Textbook in History of Education. pp. 422-504.