EDUCATION IN AMERICA.

In the study of the history of education we now change from European to American conditions and in time from the close of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the seventeenth century. In other words we are to retrace our steps nearly three hundred years in time and change completely our location. America is not settled, but is beginning to be colonized. We shall study first the nature of the people and then the environment. In time we have advanced two hundred years beyond the Renaissance and one hundred years beyond the Reformation. In Europe the Elizabethan age has just closed and the period of Louis XIV is about to begin. Religious wars are on, the church is in a life and death struggle. It is losing its authority in education and secular affairs. The great teaching orders of Jesuits and Jansenists are at their height, the early protestant reformers and teachers are gone, but Ratke and Comenius are encouraging their followers to greater action. As absolutism weakens individualism strengthens. But the struggle is so subtle and the danger so great that many feel that Europe is no longer a desirable abiding place. The discovery of a new world had furnished a haven and we are now to study the development of education on these shores.

a.

XLIII.

EARLY COLONIAL EDUCATION, 1607-1660.

Our European ancestors: English, Dutch, French, Spanish, Swedes, etc.

1. Who were they?

GENERAL DIRECTION FOR STUDY.

2. Whence did they come?

3. Where did they settle?

4. General intellectual development in their old homes, i. e., educational conditions, including schools, education and religious ideas.

5. Classes of people who came.

6. Object in coming, whether for mere adventure, or to better their social, religious, or educational conditions.

7. How did their new environment change their views of life?

8. What provisions did they make for education?

9. How did these differ from the educational conditions they left?

a. PURITANS.

1. Bacon, L. Genesis of New England Churches, p. 67.

2. Bancroft, G. History of the United States (D. Appleton & Co.), 1:224, 311.

3. Byington, E. H. The Puritan in England and New England, pp.

79:222-225, 249.

4. Campbell, D. Puritan in Holland, England and America.

5. Coffin, Chas. O. Old Times in the Colonies.

6. Davis, W. T.

7. Doyle, J. A.

8. Drake, S. A.

9. Earle, A. M.

10. Edwards, T.

Who Were the Pilgrims? Harper, 64:246-256.
English Colonies in America, vol. 2, Chaps. 1, 2.
Making of New England.

Child Life in Colonial Days.

Pilgrims and Puritans. Scrib. Mo., 12:212-219.

11. Ellis, G. E. Puritan Age, etc., Chaps. 3, 4, 5.

12. Higginson, Thos. W. An American Nation. Harper, 66:706-722. 13. Gilman, A. History of American People, pp. 91, 576 ff.

14. Green, J. R.

15. Hart, A. B.

History of the English People, vol. 3, Chaps. 1, 2.

Life). 1:512.

American History Told by Contemporaries (Family

16. Hildreth, R. History of the United States, vol. 1, Chaps. 6, 7. 17. Hoyt, Chas. O. Studies in the History of Modern Education, Chap. vii, pp. 176-203.

18. Lodge, H. C. Short History of English Colonies in America, pp. 344, 436, 464 ff.

19. Monroe, Paul. (Editor). Cyclopedia of Education.

20. Palfrey, J. G. History of New England.

21. Stowell, W. H., and Wilson, D. History of Puritan and Pilgrim Fathers, pp. 468, 475, 477, 480, 485, 487-489, 497.

22. Thwaites, R. G. The Colonies, pp. 178-194.

23. Winsor, J. Narrative and Critical History of America, 3:240, 242,

281.

1. Bancroft, G.

b. CAVALIERS.

History of the United States, 1:84, 408.

2. Coffin, Chas. C.

3. Coffin, Chas. C.

4. Cooke, J. E.

5. Doyle, J. A.

Old Times in the Colonies, pp. 211-215.

Cavaliers in America. New Englander, 23:651-660.
Virginia: A History of the People, 1:381-395.
English Colonies in America, 1:381-395.

6. Fiske, J. Beginning of New England, Chaps. 1 and 4.
7. Fiske, J. Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, 233 ff.
History of the English People, 3:58.

8. Green, J. R.

9. Hildreth, R.

10. Ridpath, J. C.

History of the United States, 1:99, 204, 235, 509; 2:25.
History of the United States, p. 85.

11. Thwaites, R. G. The Colonies, IV:76.

12. Winsor, J. Narrative and Critical History of America, vol. 3, Chaps. 4,5.

QUOTATIONS FROM EARLY RECORDS.

"I have a * thrice seven years' experience in this despicable, but comfortable, employment of teaching Schoole. * But, alas, we that wholly undergo the burden of school-teaching, can tell by our own experience how laborious it is, both to mind and body, to be continually intent upon the work, and how irksome it is (especially to a man of quiet temper) to have so many unwilling provocations into passions; what good parts for learning and right qualifications in all points of behavior are required of us; how small our yearly stipend is, and how uncertain all our other incomes are. Again, we call to mind the too much indulgency of some parents, who neither love to blame their children's untowardness nor suffer the Master to correct it. We remember their general ingratitude for the Master's well-doing, and their open clamor for his least doing amisse; we observe their common indiscretion in wholly imputing the Scholar's lesse profitting to the Master's more neglect, and their own happy thriving to their own onely towardliness; not to mention their fond ambition in hastening them too fast. Besides, small account which the vulgar have, the too censorious eye which the more judicious cast, and the slight regard which our Academicians (for the most part) carry toward the poor SchoolMaster makes us sometimes judge our calling (as many do) too mean for a scholar to undertake or desire to stick to too many years." A New Discovery of the Old Art of Teaching Schoole. By Charles Hoole. London, 1659.

"If any Christian, so called, * shall contemptuously behave himself toward the word preached, or ye messengers thereof called to dispence ye same, in any congregation, or, like a sonn of Corah, shall for

* *

cast upon his true doctrine, or himself, and reproach,

*

* *

ye first scandole be covented * and bound to their good behavior and if a second time they break forth into ye like contemptuous carriages either to pay L5 to ye publike treasury, or to stand two houres openly upon a block 4 foote high, on a lecture day, with a pap fixed on the breast, with this, "A WANTON GOSPELLER," written in capital letters, yt others may fear and be ashamed of breaking out into the like wickedness." Records of Massachusetts, 11:179 (4 Nov., 1646).

c. QUAKERS.

1. Adams, C. F. Three Episodes in Massachusetts History (see index). 2. Applegarth, A. G. Quakers in Pennsylvania. Mag. Am. Hist., 28: 353-357.

3. Arnold, S. G. History of the State of Rhode Island, 1:264-270; 2:85, 137, 510.

4. Bancroft, G. History of the United States, 1:528; 23rd edition, 2:326-402.

5. Clarkson, T. Portraiture of Quakerism. Edinb. Rev., 10, 85-102. 6. Coffin, Chas. C. Old Times in the Colonies, p. 216.

7. Fiske, J. Dutch and Quaker Colonies.

8. Fiske, J. Beginnings of New England, p. 177 ff.

9. Garrison, W. P. Some Primitive Quakers. Nation, 5:392-393. 10. Gilman, A. History of American People, pp. 129, 152-162.

11. Greene, G. W. A Short History of Rhode Island, (see index).

12.

13.

14.

15.

Hildreth, R. History of the United States, 1:399, 453, 474, 475.
Jones, Rufus M. The Quakers in the American Colonies. (See index
under Education).

Lodge, H. C. English Colonies in America (see index).

Modern Quakerism. Edinb. Rev., 87:503-534.

16. Monroe, Paul (Editor). Cyclopedia of Education.

17. Pennypacker, S. W. Pennsylvania in American History, pp. 117, 237. 18. Winsor, J. Memorial History of Boston, 1:179, 195.

19. Winsor, J.

Narrative and Critical History of America, vol. 3 (see

index).

d. DUTCH.

1. Bancroft, G. History of the United States, 1:475; 4:130.

2. Barnard, H. Development of Public Instruction in Holland. Am. Jour. Educa., 8:595-615; 14:495-502; 641-712.

3.

Scheme of Education of Synod of Dort, 1618. Am.
Jour. Educa., 5:77-78.

4. Campbell, D. Puritan in Holland, England and America, 1:32, 158; 2:337 ff; 466.

5. Coffin, Chas. C.

Old Times in the Colonies, pp. 142, 195, 224.

6. Drake, S. A. The Making of Virginia and Middle Colonies, pp. 108 ff. Draper, A. S. Public School Pioneering in New York and Massachusetts. Educa. Rev., 3:313-336.

7.

8. Eggleston, E. The Beginners of a Nation.

9. Eggleston, E.

3:724-727.

Migrations of American Colonies: Dutch. Cent.,

10. Fiske, J. Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America, Chaps. 1, 2, 8, 15. Dutch Influence in New England. Harper, 88:213-221. Leyden and Its Archives. Nation, 55:143-145.

11. Griffis, W. E.

12. Griffis, W. E.

13. Kiddle & Schem. Cyclopedia of Education. See Netherlands. 14. Kilpatrick, Wm. H. The Dutch Schools of New Netherlands, and Colonial New York.

15. Kilpatrick, W. H. Dutch Schools in New Netherlands and Colonial New York, U. S. Bureau of Education Reports 1912, 12:1-239. 16. Kilpatrick, W. H. Date of the first School in New Netherlands. Educa. Rev., 38:380-392.

17. Lamb, Mrs. M. J. History of the City of New York.

18. Lodge, H. C. A Short History of the English Colonies in America, (see index.)

19. Martin, G. H. Public School Pioneering. Educa. Rev., 5:232-242, 345-362, 406-407.

20. Motley, J. L.

History of the United Netherlands.

21. Motley, J. L. Life and Death of John of Barneveld, 2:405.

22. O'Callaghan, E. B.

Documentary History of New York. History of New Netherlands, p. 396. 24. Roberts, E. H. New York, vol. 1, Chaps, 2-6.

23. O'Callaghan, E. B.

25. Smith, H. E. Colonial Days and Ways, Chap. 5.

26. Thwaites, R. G. The Colonies, pp. 50, 195 ff.

27. VanReneselaer, Mrs. Schuyler, History of City of New York, (see index).

e. HUGUENOTS.

1. Arnold, S. C. History of the State of Rhode Island, (see index).

2. Baird, C. Huguenot Emigration to America (Review). Atlan. Mo., 55:843-846.

3. Bancroft, Geo. History of the United States, 1:432.

4. Coffin, Chas. C. Old Times in the Colonies, pp. 30, 148, 341.

5. Carlyle, Thos. French Revolution.

6. Fiske, John. Dutch and Quaker Colonies, pp. 341-346.

7. Fosdick, J. L. The French Blood in America, (see index).