I. The extent and nature of the variation

in the newly born.

a. In any brood or year.

The special feature in the construction is the cement floors of the ground story. This arrangement makes the tables on these floors

II. The extent and nature of the variation at the age of one or two years of each brood.

The results under No. II compared with the results under No. I for any brood will give us the extent of the effect of natural

part of the buildings. On one of these floors there are private laboratories, the lake survey laboratory, and the office of the director. The lower floor of the second building is given to embryology and bacteriology. The notable feature of this floor is the (accidentally) constant temperature closet of the bac

selection in killing off individuals with any given peculiarity.

At the end of the fourth year the station was moved to Winona Lake where the facilities for caring for the increasing number of students are much better. Two buildings were erected and given to the station by the Winona Assembly and Summer School. They are situated in the angle where Cherry creek enters Winona lake, eighteen miles from the original location. They are sur. rounded by a great variety of natural conditions of water, woods, swamps and meadows. The buildings are 20 by 45 feet. One or both will be lengthened to 60 feet during the winter.

The

teriological laboratory. This is simply a pit beneath the stairway about a foot deep and cemented. The temperature without the use of ice did not vary more than 1° from 20 centigrade during the entire summer. upper floor in one building is given to elementary zoology and that of the other to botany. We have small sheds for incubators away from the buildings to avoid the danger of fire. The bacteriological kitchen and the lecture room are separate tents. The most urgent need of the station is a building for general lectures and for embryology.

The water supply deserves mention. Artesian water was struck 75 feet below the

surface midway between the two buildings. From this we get a flow of about 5,000 gallons per day. The water is received in a small tank and this is tapped by pipes leading to each floor of the buildings where there are small pitcher pumps. The overflow from the receiving tank leads into a larger steel tank with covers. This tank is used for experiments with blind fishes. The overflow from this leads into pools constructed for experimental work.

The springs about Winona Park flow in part into decorative pools. These will be used for the experiment in rearing cave animals in the light. One of them about thirty feet long is now inhabited by an experimental colony of blind Amblyopsis where their habits can be observed without the restrictions imposed by the conditions found in a cave.

In recognition of the fact that "the teacher who has no time for research rapidly becomes an ineffective and uninspiring teacher, and that overteaching defeats its own ends," the instruction should be in the nature of a guiding, the giving not of a string of recipes, but of sound principles enabling the student to work out his own salvation.

Since, wherever he may go, the student must adapt himself to his environment, it is the plan to catch what we can and study what we catch rather than to follow fixed courses. The facilities for catching, however, are very favorable. We have the lake in front of us, the woods behind, the creek on one side, and a meadow on the other. Here the entire day of the student is given

to collecting and exploring expeditions, lectures and laboratory work.

A list of the students who have been at the station would include a majority of the teachers of biology in Indiana and several have found appointments elsewhere.

During the first summer, courses in zoology, embryology and survey work were given by the writer and Mr. W. J. Moenkhaus.

During the past summer, courses of instruction have been given in zoology, botany, cytology, bacteriology, embryology, and survey methods. survey methods. As soon as the necessary buildings can be secured, courses in neurology and comparative psychology and physiology will be added.

The department of instruction is self-sustaining, but facilities for research are still limited and here is an opportunity for some public spirited citizen.

"Research in all directions, in fact, meets with such reward that it should be sustained by all persons who desire to encourage the progress of knowledge. But the rich men of our country do not discriminate between this function and that of teaching. They found universities with princely liberality, but research has to struggle with poverty of means and deficiency of time. Great libraries are founded, but the work in the laboratory from which issue the books which create libraries receives comparatively little substantial encouragement. * * * Initiative and discovery are the conditions of progress, and no better service could be rendered to humanity than the creation of opportunities for their activity."

A

LCOHOL is made from starch which is

abundant in barley, rye, and corn. It is a light colorless liquid having a pleasant odor and a pungent taste.

Alcohol is used extensively in the manufacture of drugs and medicines, and is useful in many ways in the arts and sciences. But it is used chiefly and most extensively as the basis of alcoholic beverages. Pure alcohol acts as a poison, quickly destroying every form of plant or animal life immersed in it. It destroys the life,

but preserves the body from disintegration and decay. Alcohol in dilute form acts at first as a stimulant, and then as a sedative or anesthetic, and if taken in a sufficient quantity the anesthesia will be profound-as complete as that caused by chloroform or ether. When the anesthesia passes away there may be headache, sickness of the stomach or other effects indicating abnormal action; but these are soon gone, leaving no evidence of permanent change of tissue. One may pass through this experience, at inter

vals of two or three weeks, many times before any abnormal changes appear. Dilute alcohol, as in fermented liquors, used temperately, generally produces pleasant and agreeable effects. It acts as a food, it promotes digestion, quiets the nerves, drives away care, promotes sociability, inspires hope, and produces a comfortable restful state of mind and body that aids materially in fitting them for a renewal of activity. The intemperate use of alcohol in any form is harmful and the results are often disastrous. It poisons the blood, weakens the muscles and disorders the brain; it obscures the moral sense, clouds the intellect, dulls the sensibilities and stimulates the passions; it degrades the man morally, mentally and physically. In special cases its baneful effects cannot be exaggerated or overdrawn.

The intemperate use of alcoholic beverages may not cause specific diseases, but it does cause such a degeneration of tissue that the system is easily invaded by many forms of disease. The mind also becomes erratic and weak, the victim often sinking into insanity.

The intemperate man often squanders his property, loses his capacity for work and becomes poor, or through his obscured moral sense he becomes a criminal. In fact, intemperance is a fruitful source of poverty and crime. Thus overindulgence in alcoholic liquors becomes a public as well as a personal calamity.

EFFECTS DIFFER WITH TEMPERAMENT.

People differ widely in their susceptibility to the evil influence of alcoholic beverages.

The American Indian is more susceptible than the white man, and the white man is affected more easily than the negro. The Irishman is more susceptible than the Englishman, and some Englishmen are more easily affected than others. For this reason the temperate use of alcoholic liquors has different meaning for different persons and nationalties. For the American Indian and other susceptibles a temperate use of alcoholic beverages must mean total abstinence. For the great majority of people it might mean the use of fermented liquors up to the equivalent of two ounces of pure alcohol daily. Used in this manner alcohol is said to be a food something like starch. Regarding the influence of the use of alcoholic liquors upon nations history gives no very reliable testimony. We know that some of the Greeks, Romans, Egyptians and other Eastern nations used alcoholic beverages, often to excess. But we do not know whether intemperance was common so that it became an important factor in the degeneration of

those people. The Mohammedan nations of Asia are generally abstemious, and so are the Turks of Europe, while the other nations of Europe use alcoholic liquors very freely. Herbert Spencer says "The Spartans were brutal but sober, while the Athenians were more highly cultured but by no means sober. And who would contend that in social type or conduct the Asiatic is superior to the European, or that sober Turkey is higher in social life than whisky-drinking Scotland. Evidently the relations between drinking habits and kinds of social life are obscure. We cannot assert a regular proportion between temperance and civilization,nor between intemperance and moral degradation."

THE DRINK HABIT AMONG GERMANS, ENGLISH AND

AMERICANS.

The German races from the earliest times have been noted for their drinking habits, in many cases developing the grossest intemperance. In old English and Danish times the excess of drinking was great, and drunkenness was a common vice. If we may believe the testimony these Germanic races have easily surpassed all others in the quantities of alcoholic liquors used, and in the universality of their use by all grades of society. Yet, along with these drinking habits, there has been a gradual development along every line of human activity, so that the savage and barbarous tribes of the early centuries, as Germans, Englishmen, and Americans have become the leading, the foremost people of the world. They are equal to any others physically and surpass all others intellectually, industrially, morally and socially. Did their drinking habits help or hinder these people in their upward and forward march, did they succeed in spite of their use of alcoholic liquors, or did the use of liquor really help them in reaching their present high position? Who can tell? It is a question for study. The evils arising from the use of alcoholic liquors by susceptibles, are in many cases frightful; they can hardly be exaggerated, but happily such cases are rare-are the exception. A lecturer reported in the New Voice of Aug. 31, 1899, claims that there are 700,000 drunkards in the United States. The number seems great, and one wonders if the claim is legitimate, and wonders if the number includes all hard drinkers who are still able to work every day, who are active members of society, or whether the number only includes imbeciles. If the number is correct, it means that less than one per cent. of the people of the United States are drunkards. If this number were total imbeciles from drink it would hardly

indicate physical, mental or moral degeneration for the nation. The evils of intemperance, disastrous as they are for some individuals, do not seem to threaten the integrity of the nation.

In many cases intemperance may be regarded as a cause of crime, but in general it is merely a companion or associate of crime, caused by the same conditions and circumstances that develop crime. In many cases intemperance seems to be a result or consequent of crime. Poverty is also a cause of intemperance. The worry and pain, the lack of food and clothing and shelter incident to poverty are efficient causes of intemperance. Some people think that the moral, social and economical conditions that make poverty and crime possible are worse, are more harmful to the individual, more dangerous to the public than are the evils of intemperance. The liquor problem is one of the most important questions of our time. It is wide-reaching, many-sided and complicated. So little is really known about it that the widest difference of opinion exists among would-be reformers as to the best method for solving the problem.

IS ALCOHOL A FOOD?

Some people believe that alcohol in any form, in any quantity is a poison, and that its use is always harmful. Such people consider it wrong to use alcohol however dilute, and are teetotalers and prohibitionists. Others believe that alcohol in dilute form is not a poison but a food, and that its use may be not only harmless but beneficial. Dr. Carpenter, Professor Liebig, Professor Johnson and other eminent physiologists as early as 1850 taught that alcohol rightly used is a food. Noted physiologists from that time to this have taught that alcohol is a food. In a sweet liquid containing ten per cent. of alcohol the yeast plant will thrive and grow, but in a liquid containing fourteen per cent. of alcohol the yeast is killed, it cannot grow. Ten per cent. alcohol does not decompose the protoplasm of yeast, does not hinder its growth, and is not a poison to yeast. Ten per cent. alcohol as in wines, used temperately does not decompose protoplasm in the human body and is not a poison as that term is generally understood. The history of the temperate use of light liquors in Germany, England, Scotland, Spain, Canada and the United States, shows that such liquors are not poisons, and if not poisons they are probably in some sense foods. They may not be economic foods, not necessary foods, not tissueforming foods, but they are decomposed in the body and do seem to yield energy, much as fats

and starch serve as foods. People who believe that alcohol may be used so as to serve as food and not as a poison, do not, as a rule, consider the temperate use of alcoholic beverages a crime. They advocate some method of regulating the sale and use of such liquors, so as to promote temperance.

REFORM BY EVOLUTION.

The use of alcoholic beverages has been common from the earliest historic times. Always and everywhere people have recognized the evils of intemperance and drunkenness. The pleasures and benefits attending the use of wine are frequently mentioned in both sacred and profane history, and in each we find warnings against excess and drunkenness. Doubtless there have always been temperance reformers, but it was left with the people of this country to start the first organized movement against the use of alcoholic beverages. After many years the temperance movement was inaugurated in England, Scotland, Norway, Sweden, and in Germany. The temperance people constitute a large portion of our nation. They have used moral suasion, they have mingled in politics, have framed and enacted many different laws, have taught temperance in the church, in the school and on the lecture platform. They have not accomplished all they hoped, but they have done much toward forming a public sentiment against the sale and use or intemperate use of alcoholic liquors. It is claimed by many that there is less of whisky and other strong liquors used now than formerly, and that while more light liquor is used, yet the per cent. of alcohol consumed is clearly less than ever before. But these results are not wholly due to the efforts of temperance reformers. With the opening of a new country there was much of grossness, lawlessness and crime. Society was unsettled and hard drinking was common. As the population increased, settled industries and social institutions were established, and the grossness and lawlessness and hard drinking are gradually passing away, as by a kind of evolution. Employers of labor, in the face of sharp competition, find it necessary to employ sober, nondrinking men, at least in the more responsible or better positions. And the employers of labor must themselves go to their work with brains free from the sedative, muddling action of strong drink if they hope to succeed in the fierce struggle for existence. This principle is active in all industries and in all professions.

REFORM BY SUASION AND STATUTE.

Giving these natural agencies or tendencies