My worthy colleague says, his will ought to be subservi ent to yours. If that be all, the thing is innocent. If government were a matter of will upon any side, yours, without question, ought to be superior. But government and legislation are matters of reason and judgment, and not of inclination; and what sort of reason is that, in which the determination precedes the discussion; in which one set of men deliberate, and another decide; and where those who form the conclusion are perhaps three hundred miles distant from those who hear the arguments? To deliver an opinion, is the right of all men; that of constituents is a weighty and respectable opinion, which a representative ought always to rejoice to hear; and which he ought always most seriously to consider. But authoritative instructions, mandates issued, which the member is bound blindly and implicitly to obey, to vote, and to argue for, though contrary to the clearest conviction of his judgment and conscience, these are things utterly unknown. to the laws of this land, and which arise from a fundamental mistake of the whole order and tenor of our constitution. - BURKE: Speech to the Electors of Bristol. - 10. Madison spoke in the same strain. He saw no danger in a title. He did not believe that a President, clothed with all the powers of the Constitution and loaded down with all the titles of Europe and Asia, would be a dangerous person to American liberty. He objected to the principle. If, said he, we give titles, we must either borrow or invent them. If we invent and deck out an airy being of our creation, it is a great chance, but its fantastic properties render the empty phantom ridiculous and absurd. If we borrow, our servile imitation will be odious. We must copy from the pompous monarchs of the East, or we must follow the inferior monarchs of Europe. In either case the splendid tinsel and the gorgeous robe will disgrace the manly shoulders of our chief. -MCMASTER: History of the People of the United States, I, 542. B. These paragraphs as originally written contained two ideas in contrast. Supply the omitted portion. 1. Some persons are very reluctant to admit that any race of men is marked by a fixed and permanent characteristic of inferiority to the others, for fear that this will be made an excuse by unjust and wicked men for treating them oppressively and cruelly. But 2. There is one thing very curious about this class of animals that get their living in a great measure under water, and are consequently obliged to be often submerged, even in the coldest winter weather, and that is that their fur becomes very little wet by such immersion. A dog, after plunging into a river, comes out wet to the skin, but the fur of a beaver or a mink 3. We all know how beautiful and noble modesty is; how we all admire it; how it raises a man in our eyes to see him afraid of boasting; never showing off; never pushing himself forward. Whenever, on the other hand 4. A Venetian who enters or leaves any place of public resort touches his hat to the company, and one day at the restaurant some ladies, who had been dining there, said "Complimenti ! on going out with a grace that went near to make the beef-steak tender. It is this uncostly gentleness of bearing which gives a winning impression of the whole Venetian people, whatever selfishness or real discourtesy lie beneath it. At home [in the United States] it sometimes seems 5. Whittier was a born poet. He was not an artist in verse as Longfellow was; and he was often as careless in rhyme and as rugged in rhythm as was Emerson. Yet to some of his stanzas 6. There are four different kinds of running: sprinting, which includes all distances up to the quarter mile; middledistance running - from the quarter to the mile; and longdistance running, which includes the mile and all distances beyond. Besides these there is cross-country running. This last is best of all for growing boys. The first three are track races, and it is monotonous work trotting round and round a cinder path. But 7. I have sometimes been puzzled in Venice to know why churches should keep cats, church-mice being proverbially so poor, and so little capable of sustaining a cat in good condition; yet 8. There is a common notion that animals are better meteorologists than men, and I have little doubt that in immediate weather-wisdom they have the advantage of our sophisticated senses (though I suspect a sailor or shepherd would be their match), but 9. Any slave of the mine may find the rough gem; but If Gray cull his words and phrases here, there, and everywhere, it is he who charges them with the imagination or picturesque touch which only he could give and which makes them magnetic. 10. The universal dead-level of plainness and homeliness, the lack of all beauty and distinction in form and feature, the slowness and clumsiness of the language, the eternal beer, sausages, and bad tobacco, the blank commonness everywhere, pressing at last like a weight on the spirits of the traveller in Northern Germany, and making him impatient to be gone, this is the weak side; this is the strong side; and through this side of her genius, Germany has already obtained excellent results. C. In each of the following topic statements pick out the significant words of predication; then develop each statement into a paragraph by presenting contrasting ideas: 1. It is seldom that a pupil succeeds equally well in all his studies. 2. Lincoln's early advantages were extremely limited. 3. Novel reading seems to be on the increase. 4. The world is growing more humane. 5. The good will triumph over wrong. 6. Slavery was an unmixed evil. 7. The war against Mexico was not begun with unselfish motives. 8. There have been temporary evils connected with the introduction of labor-saving machinery. 9. Lynching should be suppressed. 10. Jackson and Lincoln present points of similarity. 11. There are books that may be dismissed with a single reading. By Particulars and Details. 24. When at the beginning of a paragraph we find a topic stated like this, "Every traveller going south from St. Louis can recall the average Arkansas village in winter," we can readily guess what the writer will say next. We know, at any rate, what we want him to say. We want more information about the Arkansas village. We want to know something about its houses, its streets, its surroundings, its inhabitants. We want and we expect the particulars of the scene in winter which will enable us to see it as the writer saw it, or as the traveller is supposed to recall it. One way, then, in which an idea may grow into a paragraph is by the addition of the particulars and details which are naturally promised by the topic statement. The following will illustrate this method of growth: [Topic] Every traveller going south from St. Louis can recall the average Arkansas village in winter. [Particulars] Little strings of houses spread raggedly on both sides of the rails. A few wee shops, that are likely to have a mock rectangle of façade stuck against a triangle of roof, in the manner of children's card houses, parade a draggled stock of haberdashery and groceries. To right or left a mill buzzes, its newness attested by the raw tints of the weather boarding. There is no horizon; there seldom is a horizon in Arkansas it is cut off by the forest. Pools of water reflect the straight black lines of tree trunks and the crooked lines of bare boughs, while a muddy road winds through the vista. Generally there are a few lean cattle to stare in a dejected fashion at the train, and some fat black swine to root among the sodden grasses. Bales of cotton are piled on the railway platform, and serve as seats for half a dozen listless men in high boots and soft hats. Occasionally a woman, who has not had the time to brush her hair, calls shrilly to some child who is trying to have pneumonia by sitting on the ground. No one seems to have anything to do, yet every one looks tired, and the passenger in the Pullman wonders how people live in "such a hole.” If the particulars and details are objects, as they are in the quotation just given, houses, shops, a mill, a forest, pools, cattle, bales of cotton, men, women, children, they are presented in the order in which they are seen by the writer, that is, in the order of their |