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CAPITAL IN TRADE.

claims upon others; that is, of debts due to them. Their
stock is in the hands of others, to whom they have lent it,
led interest.
upon condition of receiving a payment for it, which is cal-
Thus, if a man lend another a hundred
pounds, at five per cent. interest, he receives five pounds for
the use of that hundred, or centum (a Latin word, meaning
hundred, which is shortened into cent.) per annum; that is
by the year. The lender does not use his capital himself,
but he receives a payment for the use of it; while the bo-

THE stock possessed by an individual, whether it be of money, or of articles which can be exchanged for money, er for other articles, is called his capital. When a man sets up in business, he must possess capital, or credit, or both. If he has made or produced any article himself, the article so produced is his capital. For instance, a farmer may have grown a quantity of hay, which he has to sell; and in that case the hay is capital, as much as any money which he may have in his purse or in a bank; or a watch-rower, if he trade with it, buys articles which he endeavours to sell at a larger profit than he pays for the money which maker may have made a watch, and that watch being exhe has obtained npon credit, and which money is said to be changeable for provisions or clothes, or any thing that he borrowed capital. He often acquires profit, by what men wants, or for money, is also capital. By capital, a man in trade call turning his capital. For instance, if he bormay obtain from another whatever he wants for his own row L.100 on the first of January, and buy with it a quanuse, or which he intends to sell, if he has something to offer of value equal to that which he desires to purchase. tity of articles which he sells for L.110 by the 1st of April; By credit he also obtains what he wants, though generally and if he does the same over again by the 1st of July, and over again by the first of October, and over again by the upon less advantageous terms, because he has no capital 1st of January in the next year, he will have turned his immediately to give; he promises to give the capital at borrowed capital four times in the year, and will have made some future day. We shall present an example of both a profit of thirty-five pounds, over and above the five pounds modes of dealing. A poor but industrious lad went to a wholesale tea-dealer in London, and said, "If you will which he has to pay to the man who has lent him the money. If he is enabled to lay by the thirty-five pounds trust me with a pound of tea for one day I will bring you which he has made as profit, he has so much clear capital; the money for it at night, and I can support myself by but if he has incurred debts equal to, or beyond that sum, selling the pound of tea in small quantities." The price he has really no capital at all. Industry and skill will of the tea was six shillings; and the dealer having consented, the poor lad went to his neighbours to sell them the rapidly produce capital; while, on the other hand, idleness ten at sixpence an ounce. There being sixteen ounces in the and mismanagement will as quickly consume it. We have heard of an elder brother who had a thousand pounds left pound, by disposing of that pound he made a profit of two shillings; that is, he had two shillings clear gain after he him by his father, which he locked up in a chest, and spent as he wanted it. In five years all his money was had paid for the tea at night; and so, having done the same thing for three days more, and having only spent sixpence gone, and then he had to sell his furniture to buy food"; and when that was all sold he got into debt; and being each day for his food and lodging, he had six shillings in hand. This money was his capital, and it was no longer then poor and idle, he went to gaol, and would have gone to a workhouse but for his younger brother, who had no capinecessary for him to buy upon credit; and he went on tal when their father died. He, however, had his industry increasing his capital till he became possessed of more and more capital-whether of tea or money-so that he could for his support, and out of that he gradually created capiafford to take a shop. He then had to buy scales, and tal, went into business, and was prosperous and happy, because he always lived within his means. Men in busidrawers, and counters, and other things, which were necessary for him to use in his trade but not to sell. These ness, in this, and in all other large commercial countries, are often ruined by what is called trading beyond their cathings were what men in business call a fixed capital; the surplus money or disposable articles which he had gather-pital. This they are sometimes enabled to do by the emed together by his industry, were what they call a float-ployment of fictitious capital; that is, by the issue of ing capital. The tools of a working man are fixed capital; more bills or promises to pay money, than they have and if he part with them, he loses some of his power of real capital to meet. From the Working Man's Comearning other capital by his labour. Even a savage, who panion. has a hut to live in, and a stock of roots for his food, in the season when the ground produces him nothing, and has lines and hooks to catch fish, and a pot to cook them, has a capital. This is his fixed capital, which he must acquire for his own support; but if he has raised more food than he wants, and has any to exchange for iron, or clothing, with a ship that touches upon his shores, he has a disposable or floating capital. When the people of any country have got together a great many things of value, such as houses and furniture, manufactories and machines, stocks of corn or wine, and other articles of comfort or luxury, then the nation is said to possess capital; it is called a rich nation. England, which has great abundance of every article, for the supply, not only for her own people, but of foreign nations, is therefore called rich; while, on the contrary, such a country as Lapland, in which scarcely food and clothing enough are produced for the rudest wants of the natives, is called poor. But though a nation may be rich, a large number of its people may be poor. There are a great many very poor and wretched persons in the richest nations, becanse, these persons have no capital, and there is not a sufficient demand for their labour. Such an unfortunate state of things, in which the men without capital are desirous to work, but can get no work to do, may arise from many causes; and the best government may be unable to remove the evil. It is the duty, both of governments and of individuals, to labour as much as they can to amend or mitigate this evil. Many men of capital are only possessed of

1

This happened in London within the last three years,

MY FATHER'S HOME.
From the Chameleon.

ACROSS the troubled Loch 1 see

A small white cottage, 'neath a gleam
Of sunlight, resting partially

On that one spot with fondling beam-
There turn my thoughts where'er I roam-
It is my father's children's home!
Like the chafed wave, 'twixt it and here
My surging spirit darkly swells;
Yet one bright spot of love will ne'er

Grow dim beneath its moody spells.
Howe'er the storm cloud o'er me come,
Bright be my father's children's home !
There dwell the sisters dowered with aught
Of love once warmed a heart now cold;
Which still, for them would think it nought
To coin its life-drops into gold.
The bright-eyed urchins there, too, roam,
Who glad a gray-haired father's home.
My blessings on the much-loved spot!

Because I love the dwellers there;
When they are loved not, or forgot,

Unanswered be my fondest prayer!
Though ne'er within its scope I come,
Heaven shield my father's children's home!
Holy Loch, August 1831,

TO A SLEEPING CHILD,;

O sleep, my little infant boy,

A mother's care shall guard thy bed;
O, once thou wert a father's joy,

But now, alas! he's cold and dead!
He toiled both night and day for thee;
But now in vain the tear is shed,
For him who lies beneath the sea—
Alas! sweet child, thy father's dead!
Then sleep, my little orphan boy;

Thou'lt never know a father's love-
But still thou art thy mother's joy,

And his whose spirit soars above!
Great God! my little child protect,
In the paths of grace to seek thee!
Lord, the little lamb direct

To obey his shepherd meekly!
And when death's long night is come,
Heedless let it not o'ertake him-
Bear him to his long loved home,

And in realms of glory wake him.

TO MY BOOKS.

My faithful monitors! unchanging friends,
To whom in sorrow, sickness, and despair,
And when, by grief oppressed, my spirit bends
To earth, with sure reliance I repair,
And solace find, and kindred hearts to share

And sympathize with feelings, which the cold,
The proud, the selfish, deem it weak to bear;
Oh! ever let me sweet communion hold

to recent important discoveries at Pompeii. Colonel Ro binson, it seems, in boring, as the French do, for Artesian wells, first fell upon a spring resembling the Seidlitz waters, which is already much resorted to, and has performed many cures. But a far more.striking discovery ensued-no lessthan that of the long anticipated Port of Pompeii, with its vessels overthrown upon their sides, and covered and preserved by the eruptive volcanic matter, which has thus anchored them for so many ages. About thirty masts have been found. What a mine of curiosity lies below, to gratify our thirst for knowledge of these remote times!

ANTEDILUVIAN REMAINS.-In the middle of last month, two fishermen, being employed on the banks of the Lippe, near the village of Ahsen, in Westphalia, and at a moment when the water was unprecedentedly low, discovered a heap of bones lying in the bed of the river, and conveyed them ashore. It was a superb and perfect specimen of a mammoth's head, in excellent preservation, and of an unusual size. For instance, the four grinders are from six to nine inches in diameter, and the two tusks, one of which was found adhering to the chin bone, are between three and four feet in length.

METHOD OF QUELLING A RIOT IN THE HIGHLANDS. -The Highlanders, in general, are a very kind, warm. hearted sort of people, and seldom disposed to quarrel, ex cept when affected by the exhalations of the mountain dew. The tranquillity, however, of a certain fiscal was recently disturbed, by one of those brawls that will occur in the best regulated communities. He had been enjoying the s ciety of a friend, and the two had reached that happy pein. of good fellowship, when parting is the thing farthest from their thoughts the hearth had just been swept-the sub

With you, the immortal shades of minds of heavenly tile flame was blinking through the openings left in the

mould!

A MISER'S OPINION OF BOOKS.-If you wish to know what is desirable and good, you should look abroad among mankind, and see what it is that they desire and pursue. You must not read books my child; books deceive you your excellent mother read many books, and was misled by them, and talked to me about that which I could not understand. There is a race after honours and riches; all men run that race except the indolent, who are beggars, and the conceited ones misled by books, who generally become beggars in the end. Books and fine talk are the dust which the crafty ones throw into the eyes of their competitors in the race after riches and honour. Look at this great and mighty city, (London,) wherein we live, and mark you how busy it is from morning till night; and for what is all this business-must you read books to know? No, no,-books tell nothing that is true, they mislead, they deceive. When a man has toiled all day long and has gained money, is he uot pleased with his gains-does he not count them over carefully and triumphantly? He will not throw his gold into the the street, though books may talk much of the pleasures of generosity. Generosity, my child, is a long word, by means of which crafty people attack our pockets through our pride or superstition; and when they have done so, they laugh at us.-The Usurer's Daughter.

SCRAPS.

ORIGINAL AND SELECTED.

HIS OWN ORATORY.

COBBETT'S ACCOUNT OF "Though I never attempt to put forth that sort of stuff which the 'intense' people on the other side of St. George's Channel call 'eloquence,' I bring out strings of very interesting facts; I use pretty powerful arguments; and I hammer them down so closely upon the mind, that they seldom fail to produce a lasting impression."

POMPEII-MOST INTERSTING DISCOVERY.-Our report of the last meeting of the Royal Society of Literature notices a letter of great interest from Sir W. Gell, relative

well-built peat cairn; and the ingredients for a fresh jorum were smoking on the table-when "Mary the Maid of the Inn" broke in upon them, and announced, in a lamentalle tone, that two men were fighting in Mac's, and the fiscal was wanted immediately. The reader, if he has any social feelings about him, may easily imagine how unse sonable a message of this kind was deemed by the worthy official. After scratching his head for sometime, (for win would not consult the crown lawyers in such a dilemma.) he turned to Mary, and told her to go Mac, and tell him "to give the men a gill, provided they gave over fight ing !"-"But if they'll no do't, Sir?" said Mary. "In that case," rejoined the fiscal, turning to his toddy, "tell him to make the rascals fight till I come."

SUBSTITUTE FOR PAPER FOR COVERING WALLS.There is now getting into use, as a substitute for paper fo covering the walls of dwelling-houses, a sort of cloth made of cotton wool, pressed by means of calenders, into a flat sheet, resembling, in colour and appearance, a sheet of dery paper, and printed into a variety of suitable patterns. It is very stout, and seems in every way qualified to supersede paper entirely, as it can be produced much cheaper. We understand, that there are very large orders for this sort of cloth.

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THE

AND

naster,

EDINBURGH WEEKLY
WEEKLY MAGAZINE.

CONDUCTED BY JOHN JOHNSTONE.

THE SCHOOL MASTER IS ABROAD.-LORD BROUGHAM.

No. 27.-VOL. II. SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 2, 1833. PRICE THREE-HALFPENCE.

MR. STUART'S THREE YEARS IN AMERICA.

(Continued from last Number.)

We promised to give Mr. Stuart's more remarkable rencontres with our countrymen in the course of his travels and now hasten to redeem that pledge. It is like sending a long letter home.

In

Near Troy, a flourishing town in the State of New York, and not far from Albany, is a hill named Mount Ida. walking up this eminence, Mr. Stuart stopped at a cottage half-way, and found it occupied by a Scotch family.

The name of the husband is William Craig, from Lochwinnoch, in Renfrewshire. His wife's name is Robertson. They arrived in the month of May, 1828. Craig was, within a few days after his arrival, engaged by the proprie. tor of Mount Ida as superintendent of his farm, at 170 dollars a-year, besides a good house, the constant keeping of a cow, vegetables, and potatoes. The proprietor was so much pleased with his management, that, before the crop 1829 was put into the ground, he insisted on Craig's becoming tenant of it, Craig giving the proprietor the usual share of the produce, and the proprietor obliging himself, that if, according to this arrangement, Craig had not 170 dollars a-year, besides the other articles before-mentioned, he would make up the sum to that amount."

In Washington Mr. Stuart met with a gentleman whom it is probable some of our west country readers may still remember.

"On my perambulations in Washington, I observed on a sign-post, "Kennedy, Theological Bookseller." Thinking that a theological bookseller was the very person to direct me in what church it was likely I should hear a good sermon on the following day, I entered his store, and we soon recognised each other to be from the same country. I found he was from Paisley. When he was a young man he was attached to those political principles which sent Gerald, Muir, Palmer, &c. to Botany Bay, and which were at that time sufficiently unfashionable. He had been induced to attend the meetings of the Edinburgh Convention, though not a member; but Mr. Kennedy's brother, now a senator in Maryland, was a member of the Convention; and they both thought it prudent, during the reign of terror in Scotland at that period, to emigrate to the United States. Mr. Kennedy had been lately employed by the Government of the United States at Washington in making journeys, with a view to arrangements for the American colony of blacks on the coast of Africa, a very interesting settlement, of which more hereafter."

Mr. Stuart accompanied his countryman to church, and eard a rather flowery sermon by a favourite orator, on which he makes some pertinent remarks. He saw the President Jackson, his seat in no wise distinguished from the other pews. The Presiden bowed at the conclusion of the service to Mr. Kennedy, the old Scotch expatriated jacobin of 1793 and thus the world wags.

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"I had not been many days at Washington, when, going accidentally into Mr. Jonathan Elliott's book-store, on the Pennsylvania avenue, I found that he was a Scotsman from Hawick, who had been in America for twenty years. He dition. had originally accompanied Miranda on his famous expeHe is the author of several literary works. one time he edited a newspaper here; he is at present engaged in writing a history of Washington, and is a printer as well as bookseller, and of so obliging and hospitable a disposition, that I am sure any of his countrymen who may visit him will have a kind reception. He made me known to several persons whom I wished to see, and accompanied me to some of the public offices, to which I was anxious to get admittance. Mr. Elliot describes Washington as a very cheap place to live at, the neighbouring country abounding in the necessaries of life. Even canvass-back ducks are at present sold at 2s. 6d. a brace.

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"Mr. Elliott tells me, that, owing to the cheapness of the necessaries of life, he can amply maintain a family of nine persons, four of whom are servants, (I presume slaves,) and three young people, for, nine dollars a week; he pointed out to me in the Capitol when we were on our way to the library, Litourno's beef-steak and oyster-shop, which is the Bellamy's eating-shop of the American Parliament. Oysters seem to be the favourite lunch of the gentlemen in the forenoon."

At Richmond Mr. Stuart met with a Mr. Forbes, who had left the west of Scotland about thirty years back, and who had been a member of the Legislature of Carolina; and in Charleston he found another countryman, Mr. Ferguson, from Golspie in Sutherland, who was bar-keeper of the hotel where he lodged. It was thus he found him, and the history is valuable, as it shews us the condition of the

slaves :

"On returning to the hotel, I found a gentleman had, in my absence, calied for me, and left a note asking me to din with him next day. Having written my answer, accepting the invitation, I went to the bar-room to beg Mr. Street to send it by one of the boys, of whom there were several about the house, but he at once told me that he could not send one of his slaves out of the house. The bar-keeper, Mr Ferguson, from Golspie in Sutherland, North Britain, seeing my dilemma, offered to carry my note, and the landlord consented. Ferguson, however, afterwards told me, that the landlord had been very ill-pleased with him for shewing me so much civility, because he knew that his presence was always necessary in the bar-room. Ferguson, at the same time, told me that the slaves were most cruelly treated in this house, and that they were never allowed to go out of it, because, as soon as they were out of sight, they would infallibly make all the exertion in their power to run away. Next morning, looking from my window an hour before breakfast, saw Mrs. Street, the land

lady, give a young man, a servant, such a blow behind the ear as made him reel, and I afterwards found that it was her daily and hourly practice to beat her servants, male and female, either with her fist, or with a thong made of cow hide.

"I was placed in a situation at Charleston, which gave me too frequent opportunities to witness the effects of slavery in its most aggravated state. Mrs. Street treated all the servants in the house in the most barbarous manner; and this, although she knew that Stewart, the hotel-keeper here, had lately nearly lost his life by maltreating a slave. He beat his cook, who was a stout fellow, until he could no longer support it. He rose upon his master, and, in his turn gave him such a beating that it had nearly cost him his life; the cook immediately left the house, ran off, and was never afterwards heard of,-it was supposed that he had drowned himself. Not a day, however, passed, without my hearing of Mrs. Street whipping and ill-using her unfortunate slaves. On one occasion, when one of the female slaves had disobliged her, she beat her until her own strength was exhausted, and then insisted on the bar-keeper, Mr. Ferguson, proceeding to inflict the remainder of the punishment. Mrs. Street, in the meantime, took her place in the barroom. She instructed him to lay on the whip severely in an adjoining room. His nature was repugnant to the execution of the duty which was imposed on him. He gave a wink to the girl who understood it, and bellowed lustily, while he made the whip crack on the walls of the room. Mrs. Street expressed herself to be quite satisfied with the way in which Ferguson had executed her instructions; but, unfortunately for him, his lenity to the girl became known in the house, and the subject of merriment, and was one of the reasons for his dismissal before I left the house; but I did not know of the most atrocious of all the proceedings of this cruel woman until the very day that I quitted the house. I had put up my clothes in my portmanteau, when I was about to set out, but finding it was rather too full, I had difficulty in getting it closed to allow me to lock it; I therefore told one of the boys to send one of the stoutest of the men to assist me. A great robust fellow soon afterwards appeared, whom I found to be the cook, with tears in his eyes;-I asked him what was the matter? He told me that just at the time when the boy called for him, he had got so sharp a blow on the cheek bone from this devil in petticoats, as had unmanned him for the moment. Upon my expressing commiseration for him, he said he viewed this as nothing, but that he was leading a life of terrible suffering; that about two years had elapsed since he and his wife, with his two children, had been exposed in the public market at Charleston for sale, that he had been purchased by Mr. Street, that his wife and children had been purchased by a different person; and that, though he was living in the same town with them, he never was allowed to see them; he would be beaten within an ace of his life if he ventured to go to the corner of the street. Whenever the least symptom of rebellion or insubordination appears at Charleston on the part of a slave, the master sends the slave to the gaol, where he is whipped or beaten as the master desires.'

approbation. He knew nothing, she said, of American manners."

The Traveller was in great luck this day, if it be true that Scotsmen abroad rejoice to meet each other. "Lolley had to drive about sixteen miles to Duncan Macmillan's, where we were to remain for the night.-It be ing dark when we arrived, Duncan himself came out to welcome me, and, as soon as he discovered that I was from Scotland, he gave me his hand; and his pleasure on seeing me was increased, when he found that I could ask him how he was to-day in Gaelic!"

"Duncan came from Argyle when he was very young. He was married to an American woman, whose parents were Scotch; but she, as well as he, can speak Gaelic. He settled in this country about ten years ago, and has seventy acres cleared by his own industry, and a considerable tract of wood-land. He was very inquisitive respecting his native country, but he did not hint at any wish to return to it. He was, he said, under a good government, that did justice to all; and he had many advantages. He never went to market but for coffee. He grew both sugar and cotton on his own plantation; and, being a member of a Temperance Society, he did not taste fermented liquor. Coffee was, he said, the best stimulant, and very good coffee he gave us. The drivers, both Mr Lolley and he who was to be chario. teer next morning, were, of course, at supper with us; and I was glad to find, that Mr Macmillan had so much influence with them, as to put an entire stop to their rude, boisterous swearing."

"Mr Macmillan promised me a separate bed-room, and he was as good as his word; but it was a very small apart. ment, thinly boarded, with hardly any room for a chair or any thing else. He said, however, that he was a man of invention, and, taking his carpenter's tools with him, he in a moment put up pins for a looking-glass and other neces sary articles. I was not long in bed when I distinctly heard him, through the thin boarding of the room, engaged in family worship with his family, consisting of his wife and two daughters, who were young women."

In the steam-boat in which our traveller ascended the Mississippi from Natchez, he met with a young man, named Macleod, a blacksmith from Glasgow, "who had been for some years at New Orleans, and whose health has never yet suffered, owing, as he says, to his sobriety and moderation. He admits that he is in a far more comfort seventy-five dollars a month, and 100 dollars per month if able situation here than at home. He receives regularly he remains in the city, which he has hitherto done, during who remained in the city during the unhealthy part of the the unhealthy season. He has seen almost all his friends season die. He was making this trip merely with a view to see the country, and for exercise and health."

All the booksellers seem Scotchmen. At St. Louis, the bookseller, Mr. Palmer, was from Kelso, which he had left in 1801.

Near Jacksonville, in the Illinois county, Mr. Stuart heard of a settler from Scotland, and was told he would be hurt if a Scotsman passed his door without calling; a

In travelling to Mobile, Mr Stuart was driven to Price's Hotel, by Price himself, and in Mrs Price finds a country-cordingly, on a fine May morning, he made his approach.

woman.

"She had an excellent breakfast prepared. Perceiving, after I had begun breakfast, that she was not partaking, I asked her the reason. She never breakfasted, she said, without her husband, and he was still with the horses. Mrs Price is an Isle of Skye woman, her name Fraser, of the Lovat family, as she told me; but her chief anxiety was to hear particulars as to the family of Macleod of Macleod, respecting which it was luckily in my power in some degree to gratify her. She had lived a long time in South Carolina, but liked Alabama quite as well, if it were not for the want of schools for her children, the climate was more healthy, and her husband better paid. Captain Hall's Travels had been read in this cabin, and with no small dis

"I soon," he says, "reached the farm belonging to Mr. James Kerr, which Mr. Brick had described to me. I found Mr. Kerr out of doors, and he received me with so hearty a welcome, that we were soon acquainted. Mrs. Kerr provided an abundant breakfast, consisting of tea, coffee, eg, pork-steaks, peach preserves, honey, and various sorts of bread. Mr. Kerr is from South Queensferry, in Scotland, brother-in-law to Mr. Hugh Russell there, and is marrie to Miss Rowe of Fountain Bridge, near Edinburgh. He was formerly foreman to Mr. Francis Braidwood, a well known upholsterer in Edinburgh. Mr. Braidwood's work men, about twenty years ago, combined to give up work unless they got higher wages. Mr. Braidwood offered Mr. Kerr higher wages, but he dared not accept the offer, on ac

this country would be, that he should apply at the landoffices at Springfield, or at Vandalia, or at any other of the land-offices, and get the surveyors to show him those situations which they look on as the most desirable, first, in point of health; secondly, in point of soil; thirdly, in being provided with good water, and a sufficieut quantity of wood, which is not always the case in the prairie land, and ought most especially to be attended to, strong wooden fences

count of the consequences which he had reason to apprehend from the workmen if he had acted in face of the confederacy. He, therefore, without much consideration, accompanied by a friend of his of the name of George Elder, put his foot in a vessel at Leith bound for North America. When he reached New York, he for some years successfully prosecuted his business of a carpenter and upholsterer, but it turned out that buildings had been erected too rapidly for the population, and there was a want of employ-being indispensable; and, fourthly, in point of convenience ment in his line.

"At that period the New York newspapers were filled with inviting descriptions of settlements in Illinois. He, therefore, came directly here from New York, and procured 500 acres of the very best land in the state, as he thinks, of rich soil, from three to four feet deep. It produces from thirty to forty-five bushels of wheat, and excellent corn and oats in rotation. It would do it injury to give it manure. The land is so easily ploughed, that a two-horse plough ploughs two and a-half acres per day. There is never any want of a market here. Everything is bought by the merchants for New Orleans, or for Galena, where a vast number of work.. men are congregated, who are employed in the lead mines on the north-western parts of this state. There is also a considerable demand for cattle for New settlers. Cattle are allowed to run out on the prairie during the whole winter; but Mr. Kerr thinks, that even during the short winter of this country, it would be advisable to have the cattle fed in houses on the prairie, and a sufficiency of grass cut and made into hay in the preceding summer. The cattle on the prairie must, he remarked, have salt at least once a-week. Mr. Kerr, as well as Mrs. Kerr, remarked, that nothing annoyed them so much as the difficulty of getting servants. I have already noticed that Illinois is not a slave-holding state. Indeed, I have seen fewer people of colour since I came into Illinois than in any of the other states of the Union, probably not half-a-dozen altogether. The immigration to Illinois is so great, that the supply of servants has never yet been equal to the demand;-the consequence is obvious, not only that wages are high, but that servants are saucy, and difficult to please. It may, too, be presumed, that many of those servants who have turned out ill in other places, and who, on that account, cannot find situations at home, may be disposed to remove to a country where there is an unusual demand, and where they may readily get employment. In such a mixed population, there must, for some years, be a greater number of worth less persons, and of persons of doubtful character, than in the old-peopled states of North America; but the univer sal education of the people, wherever the population becomes considerable, will soon banish this temporary state of inconvenience.

of situation, including the neighbourhood to a town, schools, and churches, and the means of communication by roads and rivers.

"Having got this information, let him lay it before persons of experience in the district or state, such as Mr. Alison or Mr. Kerr, and be much more guided by their advice than by that of the surveyors. The surveyors may be all very good, trust-worthy men, but they may have objects to serve in disposing of this or that tract of land, which a stranger cannot divine."

At Springfield, another town in this fine country, Mr. Stuart met with an emigrant, whose history is worth relating :

"In walking about the town in the evening, I met Mr. Strawbridge, formerly a farmer in Donegal, in Ireland; a gentleman 75 years old, who brought a family of five children with him to this country twenty years ago, all of whom have done well. He was first settled in the State of Ohio; but hearing of the prodigious fertility of the soil in this part of Illinois, he disposed of 100 acres which he had improved in Ohio, and purchased 640 acres about eight miles to the north-west of Springfield, great part of which he has now improved, and where he also has a mill. His description of his land, and of its produce, was quite equal in point of quality and quantity to that of Mr. Kerr: and he added, that parts of his land had produced forty bushels of wheat to the second crop without sowing. He has advantages, too, in point of situation, by being nearer to the Galena lead mines, to which he last year sold 8000 wooden posts, at three dollars per hundred. No person can be fonder of this country than Mr. Strawbridge. He had been in Scotland; but there was no land in that country to be compared (he said) to that of his farm; and he viewed this district as quite a paradise or garden. Finding him so much disposed to praise, I asked him how he was off for servants. His answer was marked: You have hit the nail on the head. It is difficult to get servants here, and more difficult to get good ones.' This difficulty has, I find, been increased of late, in consequence of the number of labourers required at the Galena lead mines.”

In the neighbourhood of the late Mr Birkbeck's estates, Mr Stuart has an adventure which places the emigration of respectable farmers in a comfortable light. After noticing the contradictory accounts given of Birkbeck, he says

"It is, however, sufficiently apparent that Mr Birkbeck was possessed of a very comfortable settlement here, and that his residence and the accommodation afforded, were in substance such as he represented them in his publications. In proceeding from his land towards Albion, I was passing a nice-looking English villa, at the distance of perhaps a hundred yards to the northward, when I found a young man at the plough close to me, in the field in front of the house. I learned from him, on making inquiry, that the

"After breakfast, Mrs. Kerr, who had come out with us, put the question plump to me, whether I did not think the view from the door of their house was equal to that from Hopetoun House. In order to render this question, and my answer, at all intelligible, it is necessary to remark, that Hopetoun House is the finest place in the neighbourhood of Mr. Kerr's birth-place, Queensferry, and that the view from the terrace in front of that house is one of the noblest that can be imagined, commanding the Frith of Forth the whole way to its mouth, with the most beautiful of its banks, and a diversity of ground almost incapable of being described. I could not, therefore, answer Mrs. Kerr's question exactly in the affirmative. I told her that the view which she enjoyed was as fine as that of many of the great-place had belonged to Mr Pritchard, a gentleman from Engest places in England, but that the presence of the Firth of Forth was necessary before this view could be likened to that from Hopetoun House. Mr. and Mrs. Kerr are advanced in life, and he seems as much satisfied with his situation as it is possible to be. He has not only a beautiful farm, but an excellent well-furnished house, and a good garden and orchards. He considers the situation eminently healthy."

land, of the Quaker persuasion; that he was now dead,
leaving a widow, a daughter, and two sons, of whom this
young man was one. At his request, I went to the house,
which is extremely neat, and the view from it quite as de-
In short, it is quite a
lightful as an inland view can be.
bijou of a place. The situation is considerably higher than
the English prairie, great part of which is overlooked,-and
the view of hill and dale, of woodland, and of cultivated
soil, is as rich and diversified as can well be conceived.

This adventure concludes with advice to emigrants, Mrs Pritchard told me that all were doing well here, and which we extract :

"What I would recommend to a stranger emigrating to

that, when she saw from the newspapers the sufferings of great part of the population in England, she lamented they

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