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It is time I should now turn to the husbands. Their coats, hats, and aprons I have already noticed. I forgot, however, that the latter had its tuck, as well as the former its cock to one side, equally characteristic. They were a good-humoured, jolly, hard-bargain-making, but honest set of fellows, almost as passionate as their pampered dogs, but pearly as faithful, too. Constant drinkers, without ever being drunk; incessant wagerers, but never ruined by gambling charitable and church-goers, to their own particular chapela dissenting one upon the mere question of the congregation electing the pastor, without being very religious, and humane enough, as the world goes, to every thing but unruly bullocks, "camstary" sheep, and game cocks. The sport the last-named animals afforded in fighting, was to them "the universal passion," the real undoubted, undebated point of unanimity, and never-failing coincidence of feeling, if not of opinion; for if that had been unanimous, then there would among them have been no room for bets. Once in their day, they could all handle the gloves," too; and were at any time "troublesome customers" in a row, to the watchmen, or other antagonists. But in this, and canine fighting, and free swearing, they, though tolerable at these, too, were fairly outdone by their ewn journeymen and apprentices,-if it be right to say that, when they got older, they were surpassed in these accomplishments by those of the classes through whose gradations they had themselves gone. To be sure, such as never got beyond the second stage of the craft, were more daring and reckless in these matters than those who aimed at, or had attained promotion; for, as I have said, their numbers were replenished almost wholly from among themselves, by the system of constant intermarriages. Such as remained Journeymen all their lives, or were driven back to that joint by failure in business, these were the scape-graces of the body generally the incorrigibles, in short; but were yet so connected by the ties of relationship or otherwise, with the magnates and masters, that their peccadilloes were regarded with a merciful eye, and looked upon rather as the excesses of a son than of a servant,so close was the connecfion between master and man, who generally lived under the same roof. Accordingly, though always boisterous, and often wild, this portion of the little state was seldom criminal, in the Old Bailey sense of the term. The members of it were sad dogs, however-tearing, swearing, swaggering rascals, with a dash of good humour, good nature, and low wit about them. Terrible drinkers, and devils among the girls were they; but then, with their alliterative brethren the Bakers, they were the first and most fearless at a city tre, if they were the most unruly in a city mob.-Many's the life these two classes of worthies have saved, when the police stood timidly looking on at the burning rafters, and the shrieking wretches beneath them; and thousands of pounds' worth of property they have rescued for the insur. ance offices and the non-insured sufferers, with an honesty to both, that would have scorned to pocket so much as a pack of cards, although their own had been even more greasy and old than they were. After a king's birth-night, an illumination, or a riot, the recruiting parties stationed in town, were sure of some dashing and fearless fellows of five fest ten, from these bodies; and the king never had better or braver soldiers during war. Killing had always been the trade of many of them-fighting the amusement of all and tramping their daily exercise. To be sure, it was batches in the one case, and long moorland roads, when Went to bring home their masters' purchases of cattle, in the other; but both trained the feet to wearisome marches, and the men who would often risk their whole cash on a throw at pitch and toss their favourite game of chance-were likely to have the true military indifference as to saving money. Unpublished.—Author of the Chameleon.

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"How comes it to pass, that the Church of England, taken as an aggregate, for there may be, perhaps, some half-a-dozen exceptions, is the most ignorant Church in Europe? In one word, because she is the richest Church in Europe-and secondly, because learning is not in England the ladder of preferment. It is not denied, however, that there are some able and erudite don, is profound in the metres of the Greek play-writers-Dr. men on the Episcopal Bench. Dr. Bloomfield, Bishop of LonMaltby has actually superintended the edition of a Greek Prosodial Lexicon. Good men and well skilled in the dithyrambic of Eschylus, but ignorant, as far as the world knows, of Chrysostom or Basil. Dr. Marsh, who has done good service by his clever translation of Michaelis-and, bigoted Armenian as he may be, is more worthy his place on the score of learning, than three-fourths of his brethren. Dr. Copplestone, as much, is, however, a man of considerable rank as a churchliberal as an Oxford divine can be in politics, and that is not man. The Sumners are fortunate and decent, pious, no doubt, and with a reasonable share of the fashionable theology of the day; Dr. Burgess, who puzzles himself and the learned upon the contested text of the three witnesses, and writes stepping stones' to the elements of the Hebrew Grammar-Dr. Brinkley, who owes his elevation in the Church solely to his mathematical knowledge-Doctor Laurence, a really learned linguist and liberal divine, though he voted against Emancipationand Dr. Whately, the Archbishop of Dublin, an able man, honesty of Blanco White, a good scholar, and a great proficertainly a learned theologian, though he believes in the cient in rhetoric, logic, and political economy. These are all the men of any mark or note upon the Bench in England or Ireland. For we suppose Doctor Vanmildert, who is only known by his Bampton lectures, and his edition of Waterlands works-or Dr. Mant, who published some foolish charges, and made some rhyming translations of the Psalms, though a pretty scholar-or Dr. Jebb, though a good man, who has written a pleasing, but superficial book upon Biblical literature or Dr. Elrington, who has given an edition of Euclid, and a few nopopery pamphlets-or Dr. Phillpotts, who deals so largely in what Lord Durham called pamphleteering slang, and questionable assertions-or a few other right reverend and most reverend doctors, known in the world of letters by the publication of a shilling brochure ;-we suppose, we say, that none of these will be thrust under our noses, as men of learning or hoary divines-as the living lights of the Church, the Latimers, Bulls, Barrowes, and Taylors of modern times, Good men, if you please, decent men, proper men, and as fit timbering for a bishop, though not more fit certainly than the Editor of the Dublin Evening Post-but not persons whose names will be remembered thirty years hence. As to the numerus-as to the horde of Bishops, nati consumere fruges-the Beresfords, Fowlers, Tottenhams, Laws, Alexanders, Howleys, Lindsays the high offices they hold in the Church-to the princely inno man can say, with any truth, that they were preferred to comes in which they wallow-to the magnificent patronage which the Irish portion of them enjoy-on account either of their superior sanctity or surpassing erudition. They are, generally speaking, ignorant men, versed in the value of Church lands, and in the laws of fines and renewals-learned in rich soups and fine wines, in bullocks and green crops-readers of Blackwood's Magazine, the trumpery travels of the day, and Mr. Colburn's Novels; but utterly deficient in_any_other Service almost as well as their chaplains. attribute, except the faculty of reading parts of the Communion

"But this deplorable condition of the Anglican Church is connexion with the state-from its immense riches and their deducible principally from its political character-from its close unconscionable distribution. The object of a man with any prospects, as they are called, or with any interest among the political circles in England, when he enters the Church, is riches. If he brings talents and decent acquirements to the markets, so much the better; but these are so far from being necessary, that they are sometimes found to be impediments in a man's progress. Phillpotts was not preferred for his talents as a clergyman, but for being a ready pamphleteer. Law was made a bishop because he was the brother of an able political judge, Ellenborough; Lindsay, because he was the brother of a Sotch nobleman; Tottenham, because of his relationship to the house of Ely; and the Beresfords, because--because they were Beresfords. The higher ranks of the Church, therefore, give a tone to the subordinate classes."

THE POLISH FUGITIVES. BY THE AUTHOR OF "THE CORN LAW RHYMES."

The day went down in fire,

The burning ocean o'er ;
A son, and grey-hair'd sire,

Walk'd silent on the shore.

They walk'd, worn gaunt with cares,
Where land and billow meet-
And of that land was theirs

The dust upon their feet.

Yet they, erewhile, had lands
Which plenteous harvests bore;
But spoil'd by Russian bands,

Their own was theirs no more.
They came to cross the foam,

And seek beyond the deep,
A happier, safer home,

A land where sowers reap.
Yet, while the playful gold

Laugh'd into purply green,
The crimson clouds that roll'd
The sea and sky between,
The youth his brow uprais'd
From thoughts of deepest wo,
And on the ocean gazed,

Like one who fronts a foe.
The sire was calm and mild,
And brightly shone his eye,
While like a stately child,

He look'd on sea and sky.
But on his son's lean cheek,
And in his hands grasp'd hard,
A heart that scorned to break,
With dreadful feelings warr'd;
For he had left behind

A wife who dungeon'd lay,
And loath'd the mournful wind,
That sobb'd-Away, away!
Five boys and girls had he:
In fetters pined they all;
And when he saw the sea,

On him he heard them call.
Oh, fiercely he dash'd down
The tear-that came at length!
Then almost with a frown,

He prayed to God for strength.
"Hold up!" the father cried,
"If Poland cannot thrive,
The mother o'er the tide

May follow with her five.
"But Poland yet shall fling
Dismay on Poland's foes,"
As when the Wizard King"
Aveng'd her ancient woes.

"For soon her cause will be
Roused Europe's battle cry:

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To perish or be free:

To conquer or to die!'"

His hands clasp'd o'er his head,
The son look'd up for aid;

"So be it, Lord!" he said,

And still look'd up and pray'd :

Till from his eyes, like rain,

When first the black clouds growl,

The agony of pain,

In tears, gush'd from his soul.

* The name which the Turks, in their superstitious dread, gave to the great Sobieski.

SCRAPS.

ORIGINAL AND SELECTED. *

GLASS BLOWING.-Among the prizes awarded by the Paris Academy of Sciences, at their last sitting, was the following:-"To Israel Robinet, workman, for the substitution of the action of a machine for that of the human lungs, in glass blowing, 8000 francs. By means of this valuable invention, the health of the glass blower will in future be

preserved, and the product of his manufacture greatly improved, both as regards accuracy of form, and the capabili ty of making articles of greater dimensions than was formerly possible."

TEMPERATURE OF ENGLAND. The mean temperature of London is about two degrees higher than that of the surrounding country; the difference exists chiefly in the night, and is greatest in winter, and least in spring. Dur ing the whole year the mean temperature of England does not vary in different years more than four degrees and a half. Mechanics' Magazine.

TEMPERATURE OF SUMMER HEAT. The last summer was distinguished by an unprecedented regularity of heat. From the register of a clergyman, at Kineton, who kept an account of the weather for many years, it appears that there were, between the first of May and the thirtieth of September, 64 days at and above 70 degrees, and 80 days, at and above 69 degrees. The last week of September was particularly marked by high temperature, the mercury having on the 25th reached 80 in a situation perfectly secluded from solar influence :—a degree which he never be fore observed at so late a period in the year.

Whitewashing and colouring the inside walls and the ceilings of cottages should not be attempted till they have dried at least a year. If the plaster be of the commones kind, without a finishing coat of stucco, it is only adapted for water colours, or colours rendered tenacious by glue-paste, or other mucilaginous matter, instead of oil, because of its porosity, which would wholly absorb the oil. The most common colouring for cottage walls is what is techuicalir called lime whiting, which is nothing more than the finest particles of lime or chalk mixed with water, with the ad. dition of a small quantity of size. The colour of this is varied by the addition of the black of charcoal (commonly called blue black, as distinguished from the soot of lamps, which is called lamp-black,) or by yellow ochre, by verdigrise, or any cheap pigment.-Encyclopædia of Cottage, Villa, and Farm Architecture.

PARTY MEN. Fidelity to engagements, due consistency of thought and conduct, respect for the useful institutions of the country, and personal honour, are all sacrificed by the true party man; and there is not a single advantage arrived at through party views which better motives will not secure.-Westminster Review.

TO CORRESPONDENTS.

To our Culross Correspondent we can only say, that if the bore of "potchin Bob's" gun contracts on being heated, and expands on benz cooled, we are as much puzzled as the "learned dominie,” and the "scientific doctor chap" to account for it. The only explanation v. can give, is by supposing Bob's gun to have a well developed organ of imitation, which, impelling it to imitate its master, it too has become a "potcher-a violater of the laws of expansion; because we can assure him it is quite different with ordinary guns,

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THE

AND

EDINBURGH WEEKLY MAGAZINE.

CONDUCTED BY JOHN JOHNSTONE.

THE SCHOOL MASTER IS ABROAD.-LORD BROUGHAM.

No. 22.-VOL. I. SATURDAY, DECEMBER 29, 1832. PRICE THREE-HALFPENCE

TO OUR READERS.

Wirn the present year, we close the first volume of the SCHOOLMASTER, to commence 1833 with a new volume. There are several reasons which dictate this arrangement; and the size of the volume, which, with the POLITICAL REGISTER, contains above 400 pages, is of itself conclusive. Many of the Subscribers to the Monthly Parts, who form a numerous and fast-increasing class of our Readers, have suggested the necessity of half-yearly volumes, from the unwieldy size of a fire-side book which would contain, with the Political Register, above 1000 pages.

1832, we shall only say, that our strenuous efforts will be given to improve the details and arrangement of the Work; and, also, to maintain it in its present creditable position as a cheap Literary Periodical, and an independent Political Register.

19, ST. JAMES'S SQUARE,

28th December 1832.

The SCHOOLMASTER is regularly stereotyped, and may be had by Booksellers' Monthly Parcels in the different towns, and by Carriers, when ordered, in places where there is no Bookseller.

ON THE MISMANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC
INSTITUTIONS.

The Editor begs once more to apologize to those sending orders for copies of the SCHOOLMASTER from towns and We cannot close this portion of the Work, with- villages out of the direct line of communication, for seeming out making our respectful acknowledgments to inattention to their requests, and suggests to them the prothose friends and well-wishers, known or anony-wriety of ordering Monthly Parts, which form at once a mous, who have either directly co-operated in a NEWSPAPER, a LITERARY JOURNAL, and a REVIEW. design, which to them appeared useful and meritorious, or have sent us sometimes useful suggestions, and at others valuable information. The THE Christmas holidays are a convenient and spontaneous testimonies of approbation, received privileged season for going about to see sights; from persons of high moral, literary, and po- such opportunities, save for one small obstruction, and tens of thousands would avail themselves of litical eminence, have been most cheering and the heavy expense attending this rational mode satisfactory; and our reception, by the public of enjoyment. The narrow exclusive spirit, which at large, has been more liberal and encourag- shuts the doors of all our national institutions in ing than we could have reasonably anticipat- the face of the public, has long been a reproach to ed in a Work begun after the field seemed Great Britain among foreigners, and a cause of complaint at home. Let us hope that a better era pre-occupied, where so many had failed, and so has arrived, and that the omnipotent spirit of few succecded. As we have employed no clap-Reform will soon extend to College Libraries and trap of any kind, nor bestowed any pains in introducing the Work beyond what is apparent in The spirit of reformation is extending like the its internal qualities, there is no assumption in circles on a broken surface of water. Mankind believing that it is for its intrinsic merits the pubare industriously and steadily repairing the delic, but especially the instructed classes, wherever deem it irrelevant, at this interesting period, to cays of the past; and the Schoolmaster cannot the SCHOOLMASTER has been seen, have at once point out the necessity of repairing some abuses placed it on a level with the best of the cheap which have too long existed as a reproach to the Periodicals; while from the higher cast of its liter- land. We mean the mismanagement of many of ary selections, and the greater length of the pieces, our public institutions and national works, which are it is allowed to rank above any literary work hi shamefully closed against every man who cannot af ford to pay for seeing, what is certainly, in a meatherto attempted upon the same scale. In now sure, his own. Other nations endeavour to render taking leave of our kind and courteous Readers of their capitals the resort of travellers, by admitting

Museums.

seen, and they shall rapidly increase. Let the heroic child go and kneel at the graves of the illus. trious dead-let him decipher the simple tale of their glories sculptured on the marble; and we shall behold our children as great as our fathers have been!

HEAT.

(Concluded from page 318.)

WE have already, in former Numbers, noticed the remarkable property possessed by heat, of causing bodies to expand. We shall conclude the subject of heat, by making a few observations on the manner in which it is communicated from one body to another. Heat has a constant tendency to diffuse itself, till all bodies become of the same temperature. This is effected in two ways, by conduction and by radiation. When we place the end of a poker in the fire, the heat is conducted from the fire into the poker, and from that part of the poker in contact with the fire to the other parts of it; which mode of communication is called con. duction. When, on the other hand, a warm body is suspended in the air, rays of heat are emitted or radiated on every side; and in this case the heat is said to be communicated by radiation. First, then, of conduction. Bodies possess the power of conducting heat in very different degrees. If we place the end of a poker, or other rod of iron, in the fire, it will speedily become red hot; and if it be not too long, the heat will soon be conducted to the other end, so as prevent us from laying hold of it. On the contrary, if we put the end of a piece of wood in the fire, it will begin and continue to burn, but the wood a few inches from the

strangers to admire and copy whatever of beauty and excellence in the arts they have collected with immeasurable care and expense. The ancient kingdoms of the East possessed this secret of improving their fame. Egypt, for long, was the centre of science. Her magnificent and unrivalled Alexandrine Library, induced philosophers to sojourn in her states: and, when superstition had nearly extinguished the infant struggles of the medical science at Rome, physicians found a stimulus to their exertions in the comparative facility of prosecuting their researches in the cities of Egypt. At one period of the profession, there were only two skeletons in the world.-Yet those two were in Egypt-and to Egypt the students of medicine flocked, from very remote parts of the earth, despite of the formidable obstacles of distance and delay. Italy produced the greatest painters, because her galleries of painting were at their command. And Bonaparte knew, that if once he succeeded in accumulating the pillage of Europe within the walls of the Louvre, he should render Paris the Emporium of the Arts. And yet we, who boast of our encouragement to every liberal pursuit, have, by throwing paltry difficulties in the way, degraded our name to a level with that of the bigoted Spaniard. We have expended the British money in equipping frigates to convey here the mutilated fragments of the statues of Greece; and, by the conduct of Lord Elgin, have brought down upon our heads the opprobrium and curse of that greatly injured people. The Elgin Marbles lie shattered about the court-yard, or bundled up in heaps in the cellars of the British Museum, Government being unable to grant the money for building a suitable gallery for their re-flame, will hardly be sensibly heated. Iron, then, ception. And the British Museum is open to the public only three days a-week, during only a part of the year. Westminster Abbey-the monumental home of our warriors and bards-is closed to pilgrims that have journeyed from a distance, to bend at the shrine of most that is revered and sacred in our annals. An Englishman must pay halfa-crown to gaze on the tombs of his sires. The public buildings in London are notoriously known to be barred against those who come not with a silver key, and foreigners depart dissatisfied, and disgusted with our parsimony, and ignorant of the many attractions which, under a worthier admini- | stration of these affairs, they might have witnessed with delight. Our libraries, too, instead of being useful and honourable to our name, are the foulest blots of all. Who can gain admittance to the manuscript collections in the British Museum? Not those who can benefit from the classic pages, engulfed there, as in a tomb. Who can say that his studies in our Scottish metropolis, are benefited by the volumes on the shelves of its University? Not the students who pay for its support. Let this reproach be wiped away from us, and instead of our sons spending our money in the celebrated schools abroad, we shall have foreigners crowding for instruction to ours. Let our public edifices be

is a good, while wood is a bad, conductor of heat.
A piece of iron feels much colder to the touch on
a cold day than a piece of wood, though both be
of the same temperature. This arises from the
iron conducting the heat more rapidly out of the
hand than the wood. The metals are the best con-
ductors; and, indeed, as a general rule, the dens
est bodies are the best conductors. Glass, how-
ever, though a dense body, is, as we formerly men-
tioned, a bad conductor: so is earthen-ware, wool,
fur, cotton, and the like substances. Though, at
first sight, water appears to be an excellent con-
ductor, it is in reality a very bad one.
If we ap-
ply heat to the bottom of a pan of water, the heat,
no doubt, quickly reaches the top; but it is con-
veyed in quite a different manner from conduction.
When we place a pan of water on the fire, the heat
quickly passes into the metal, and from the metal
into the water in contact with it; the water, which
is thus heated, expands, becomes bulk for bulk
lighter than that above it, and consequently it
rises, while the colder water above takes its place;
this, also, in its turn being heated, expands and
rises. And thus currents of heated water are con-
stantly ascending, and currents of colder water
descending, till the whole is heated to the 212th de-
gree. A different process, however, commences at

this point. Water, under the ordinary pressure of the atmosphere, cannot be heated above the 212th degree, as at this point it is converted into steam. The water, which is now at the bottom, does not therefore rise as formerly, but remains at the bottom, where it is converted into steam, which bubbling to the top, constitutes what we call boiling. Heat, therefore, in the case of boiling water, is not conducted from particle to particle, but is conveyed to the top in consequence of the water itself rising. The rapidity with which heat is conveyed from the metal forming the bottom of a vessel in which water is boiling, is very well shewn by the common experiment of taking a boiling kettle from the fire, and placing it on the hand, without being in the slightest degree incommoded. The heat, however, speedily returns when the water ceases to boil, as we soon find, if we continue to hold the kettle in our hand. That water is a bad conductor may be easily proved; if we place a piece of ice at the bottom of a glass-tube, and pour over it a quantity of cold water, we may cause the water to boil a few inches above the ice, and yet the ice will remain unmelted. In this case, the coldest water being already at the bottom, there are no currents; and as the water does not conduct the heat downwards, the ice remains unaffected. Air, also, is a bad conductor; and, indeed, it is supposed, that it is the quantity of air retained in the interstices of cotton, fur, &c. that causes them to conduct heat so slowly. The knowledge of the different conducting powers of bodies has added greatly to the comforts of man, in cold countries especially, where, to preserve life, it is absolutely necessary to employ some means to prevent the heat generated in the body from making its escape too readily. For this purpose, man has selected those substances which do not conduct heat readily, as wool, fur, or cotton. It is a popular notion, that clothes are in themselves actually warmer than our bodies, and that it is by imparting heat that they are effectual in keeping our bodies warm. This, however, is a mis. take. Clothes, on the contrary, when first put on, are considerably colder than the bodies; and it is only by preventing the heat generated in our bodies from escaping too easily, that they are of any advantage. A little reflection will soon convince any one of this. It is well known, that a thin covering of snow effectually defends wheat and other winter plants from the effects of frost. It is plain, that in this case, the effect cannot arise from heat being imparted from the snow to the plants. Snow is a bad conductor of heat, and its beneficial influence arises from its preventing the heat which is in the soil from escaping. Again, the same substances are used, to keep bodies both warm and cold. Thus, in ice-houses, where the object is to keep the place as cool as possible, that the ice may be prevented from melting, the walls are lined with blankets, straw, and the like substances, that the heat during the warm summer weather may be prevented from entering. In like manner, to preserve

potatoes from the effects of frost, we place over them a thick covering of earth and straw, which are both bad conductors of heat, and thus prevent the heat in the interior of the pit from escaping.

Heat, as we have said, is also communicated by radiation. The heat of the sun is communicated to the earth in this manner. Radiated heat does not at all increase the temperature of the air through which it passes. This is proved, from the well known fact, that, as we ascend in the air, its temperature decreases, though, at the same time, we approach nearer the sun. The rays of heat pass directly from the sun to the earth, where they are absorbed. The air, therefore, in contact with the earth is heated, and consequently expands and rises; and the colder air above taking its place, we have continual currents of warm air ascending, and of cold air descending, which not only prevents impure vitiated air from collecting on the surface of the earth, but prevents it from becoming insupportably hot, which it would soon do were the air stationary. This salubrious exchange of air would not, it is evident, take place, if the air interrupted the rays of heat. Bodies possess the power of radiating heat in different degrees.. This property depends, to a great extent, on the nature of the surface; black rough surfaces being the best, and bright shining surfaces the worst radiators. Bodies also differ in their capability of absorbing rays of heat. Those substances which radiate heat readily, also absorb it readily. When, therefore, it is wished to prevent heat from escaping, as in conveying heated air or steam from one apartment to another, as is often done in manufactories, pipes with bright resplendent surfaces ought to be employed, as they do not readily radiate the heat. It is, because black surfaces absorb heat more readily than surfaces of a lighter colour, that white hats are found more comfortable in warm weather than black ones.

By

Bodies have different capacities for heat. this we mean, that if equal quantities of heat be added to different bodies, their temperatures will not be equally raised. Thus, the quantity of heat which will raise a pound of quicksilver 28 degrees, will only raise an equal weight of water one degree. Water, therefore, has 28 times the capacity for heat that quicksilver has. Almost every substance differs in its capacity for heat from any other substance. This paper is, however, already much too long; and we must, therefore, conclude. It has been our object merely to excite an interest in the minds of our readers regarding the interesting properties of heat; and those who may wish to pursue the subject a little farther, cannot do better than peruse Nos. 4 and 5 of The Library of Useful Knowledge, which are exclusively devoted to the consideration of heat.

Dumoulin, the famous physician, being at the point of death, surrounded by numbers of physicians who were deploring the loss of him, said to them" Gentlemen, I leave behind me three great physicians." Being pressed to name them by several, each of whom believed himself to be one of the three, he replied, "Water, exercise, and simple food."

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