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placed on the quarter-deck; their duties, even in the cases where they are most mixed up with those of the scamen, group them well aft. The marines are exclusively planted as sentries at the cabin doors of the captain and officers; and even the look-out men on the quarters, at night, are taken from the royal corps. To all this it may be added, that the marines furnish the officers with such small service, in the way of attendance, as they may require, and generally wait at table.

In a well-known instance of mutiny on board a frigate, the operation of these principles was shown in a most striking manner. The captain was one of that class of officers, now happily extinct, whose chief authority consisted of severity. To such an excess was this pushed, that his ship's company, it appears, were at length roused to actual revolt, and proceeded in a tumultuous, but apparently resolute body, to the quarterdeck. It is extremely curious to remark, that the same stern system of discipline which had driven the seamen into revolt, had likewise been applied to the marines without weakening their paramount sense of duty under any circumstances. Such, at all events, was the force of habit and discipline, that when the captain ordered them to fall in, they formed instantly, as a matter of course, across the deck. At his farther orders, they loaded their muskets with ball, and screwed on their bayonets. Had the corps now proved traitors, all must have been lost; but the captain, who with all his faults of temper and system, was yet a great, and gallant, and clever-headed officer, calculated with good reason upon a different result. Turning first to the mutineers, he called out,

I'll attend to you directly!"

And then addressing the soldiers, he said with a tone of such perfect confidence of manner and so slightly interrogative as to furnish its own answer.

"You'LL stand by your king and country?"

The marines, thus appealed to, said nothing, but grasped their fire-arms with an air of fixed resolution. It was exactly one of those occasions when silence gives the most expressive of all consents; and the captain, assured that if he were now only true to himself, the soldiers would be true to their duty, exclaimed,

"Then royal and loyal marines, we don't care a damn for the blue jackets!"

And, stepping forward, he seized the principal ringleaders by the throat, one with each hand, and calling out, in a voice like thunder, to the rest, instantly to move off the quarter-deck, he consigned the astonished and deserted culprits to the master at arms, by whom they were speedily and quietly placed in double irons and the whole mutiny was at an end!

struck down like the rest, lived only long enough to see the cause of his failure, and to witness the shocking sight of his gallant self-devoted crew cut to pieces, rather than move their hands to fire one gun to save the credit of their commander all consideration for their own lives, or for the honour of their country, appearing to be absorbed in their desperate deter mination to prove at last how completely they had it in their power to show their sense of the unjust treatment they had received.-Hall's Fragments

OLD FOOT-PATHS,

Stiles and foot-paths are vanishing everywhere. There is nothing upon which the advance of wealth and popula tion has made so serious an inroad. As land has increased in value, wastes and heaths have been parcelled out and enclosed, but seldom have foot-paths been left. The poet and the naturalist, who before had, perhaps, the greatest real property in them, have had no allotment. They have been totally driven out of the promised land. Goldsmith complained in his day, that

The man of wealth and pride
Takes up a space that many poor supplied;
Space for his lake, his park's extended bounds,
Space for his horses, equipage, and hounds:
The robe that wraps his limbs in silken sloth
Has robb'd the neighbouring fields of half their growth:
His seat, where solitary sports are seen,

Indignant spurns the cottage from the green.

And it is but too true that the pressure of contiguous pride has driven farther, from that day to this, the public from the rich man's lands. "They make a solitude and call it peace." Even the quiet and picturesque foot-path ing to the poor man with his burden a cooler and nearer that led across his fields, or stole along his wood-side, giv. cut to the village, is become a nuisance. One would have thought that the rustic labourer, with his sithe on his shoulder, or his bill-hook and hedging mittens in his hand, the cottage-dame in her black bonnet and scarlet cloak, the neat village maiden, in the sweetness of health and simplicity, or the boy strolling along full of life and curiosity, might have had sufficient interest in themselves, for a cultivated taste not merely to tolerate, but to welcome-pass ing occasionally at a distance across the park or wood, as objects agreeably enlivening the stately solitude of the hall. But they have not; and what is more, they are commonly their own estates, but permit the seasons to scatter their the most jealous of pedestrian trespassers, who seldom visit charms around their villas and rural possessions without the heart to enjoy, or even the presence to behold them. How often have I myself been arrested in some long-fre quented dale,-in some spot endeared by its own beauties and the fascinations of memory-by a board exhibiting in giant characters, "STOPPED BY AN ORDER OF SESSIONS," and denouncing the terrors of the law upon trespassers! This is a little too much. I would not be querulous for The frigate under command of this energe ic officer, when the poor against the rich. I would not teach them to look in company with another ship, chased two French frigates off the with an envious and covetous eye upon their villas, lawns, Isle of France. As his ship sailed much faster than her con- cattle, and equipage; but when the path of immemorial sort, he soon outstripped her, and closed with the enemy single- usage is closed, when the little streak, almost as fine as a handed. The Frenchmen, seeing only one ship near them, mathematical line, along the wealthy man's ample field, is and the other far astern, shortened sail, and prepared for the grudgingly erased, it is impossible not to feel indignation at attack, which, however, they could hardly suppose would be the pitiful monopoly. Is there no village champion to be undertaken by one ship. In this expectation, however, they found, bold enough to put in his protest against these enunderrated the gallant spirit of her commander, who, unques-croachments, to assert the public right for a right it is, tionably, was one of the bravest officers in the service. It is said, also, that he deemed himself, at this critical moment of his fate, one of the most fortunate of men, to possess such an opportunity for distinction. Seeing the enemy's frigate within his reach, and well knowing what his men could execute if they chose, never dreaming for a moment that they would fail him at this pinch, he exclamed, in the greatest rapture, "We shall take them both! steer right for them! and now, my brave lads, stand to your guns, and show what you are made

The successful issue of the recent mutiny, and his well grounded confidence in his own resources, had taught him to believe that he could command the services of his people, not only on ordinary occasions, but at moments of utmost need. Here was his grand mistake. The obedience he exacted at the point of the lash had no heartiness in it; and when the time came that the argument of force could no longer be used, and when the bayonets of the marines had lost their terrors, there was read to him, and in letters of blood, the bitterest lesson of retributive justice that perhaps was ever pronounced to any officer since the beginning of the naval service.

of!"

This was the last order he ever gave! The men obeyed, and stood to their guns, like gallant fellows as they were; but they stood there only to be shot to death. They folded their arms, and neither loaded nor fired a single shot in answer to the peal. ing broadsides which the unresisted and astonished enemy were pouring fast upon them! Now had arrived the dreadful moment of revenge for them-as their captain, who was soon

as authentic as that by which the land is itself held, and as
Is there no local
clearly acknowledged by the laws.
"Hampden, with dauntless breast," to withstand the
petty tyrants of the fields," and to save our good old foot-paths?
If not, we shall in a few years be doomed to the highways
and the hedges; to look, like Dives, from a sultry region
of turnpikes, into a pleasant one of verdure and foliage
which we may not approach. Already, the stranger, if he
lose his way, is in jeopardy of falling into the horrid fangs
of a steel trap; the botanist enters a wood to gather a

For six or eight miles around Edinburgh especially. The Earl of Rosslyn is unpopular at present; and we do not affect to be better pleased with his conduct than our neighbours; but he deserves the praise of not shutting up his grounds on the banks of the Ek, while he newer proprietors seem afraid their possessions will run away unkw hey are kept close caged.

fower, and is shot with a spring-gun; death hunts our dells and copses, and the poet complains, in regretful notes,

that he

Wanders away to the field and glen,
Far as he may for the gentlemen.-HoWITT.

FIELD-PATHS.

BY THE AUTHOR OF CORN-LAW RHYMES.

Path of the quiet fields ! that oft of yore
Call'd me at morn, on Shenstone's page to pore;
Oh poor man's footpath! where, " at evening's close,"
He stopp'd to pluck the woodbine and the rose,
Shaking the dew-drops from the wild-brier bowers,
That stoop'd beneath their load of summer flowers,
Then ey'd the west, still bright with fading flame,
As whistling homeward by the wood he came;
Sweet, dewy, sunny, flowery footpath, thou
Art gone for ever, like the poor man's cow!
No more the wandering townsman's Sabbath smile;
No more the hedger, waiting on the stile
For tardy Jane; no more the muttering bard,
Startling the heifer, near the lone farm-yard;
No more the pious youth, with book in hand,
Spelling the words he fain would understand,
Shall bless thy mazes, when the village bell
Sounds o'er the river, soften'd up the dell,
But from the parlour of the loyal inn,
The Great Unpaid, who cannot err or sin,
Shall see, well pleas'd, the pomp of Lawyer Ridge,
And poor Squire Grubb's starv'd maids, and dandy
bridge,

Where youngling fishers, in the grassy lane,
Purloin'd their tackle from the brood-mare's mane,
And truant urchins, by the river's brink,
Caught the fledged throstle as it stoop'd to drink,
Or with the ramping colt, all joyous, play'd,
Or scar'd the owlet in the blue belled shade.

USEFUL NOTICES.

colour, and not quite so pure a flavour. Should colour be an object, it may be communicated by the raspings of an overbaked loaf, or by scorched treacle; but this is matter of little moment. The drink will spontaneously fine itself. To persons who have acquired an inveterate predilection for the abominable and varied flavours which the skill of the brewer enables him to communicate, this pure and simple drink may be less pleas ing; but it is singular how soon the consumer acquires a high relish for it, and prefers it to every other. There is a purity of taste belonging to it quite different from the indescribable jumble of tastes so perceptible in common ales, and a light sharpness, combined with tenuity, which is much more agreeable than the glutinous or mucilaginous softness of even the best ales. But it has one advantage which places it above all competition, and that is its lightness on the stomach; this, when compared with the sickly heaviness of malt-ale, is really' remarkable. The whiter the sugar the lighter will be the ale; and age greatly conduces to the same end, provided that the drink is sound, which is best insured by bottling. Hops are not the only bitter which may be made use of for preparing and flavouring such ales; others can much more conveniently be procured in certain situations. Mixtures, in various proportions, of wormwood, powdered bitter oranges, gentian root, and rind of Seville oranges, will afford an excellent bitter, perhaps more wholesome than hops, and, if skilfully combined, to the full as palatable; in this position the brewers cannot refuse to bear me out, for reasons with which many of them are acquainted. Gentian, and particularly quassia, must be used sparingly; for the bitterness of these is of so fisting and penetrating a kind, that much of it is sure to be disagreeable. It has been shown by M. Dubrunfant, that a good beer can be procured from potatoes; the potatoes are to be grated to a pulp; this is to be well mixed with boiling water, and ground barley-malt is to be added. The liquid being drawn off, is to be hopped in the usual way, yeast added, and the fermentation induced. The. beer thus produced, after being bottled, was found greatly to resemble Paris beer. In certain parts of Ireland an excellent beer is brewed from parsnips, by a process somewhat like the foregoing, except that no malt is used; the bitter employed is hops. In short, malt is by no means necessary to the production of wholesome and agreeable beers.-- Lardner's Cyclopædia; Domestic Economy.

THE USES OF THE BRAMBLE.-The shrub which we are in BEER FROM SUGAR.-For making excellent ale or table the habit of despising, and which is only used by the chance heer, it is not absolutely necessary to use malt. To conceive passenger occasionally plucking its fruit, possesses, however, this subject rightly, we must consider that it is the sugar of the several advantages which deserve our attention. It is now to malt which undergoes fermentation, and that any other sugar be found in every bank and ditch. will ferment just as well, although no other sugar is so cheap. Hawthornden, and by the side of the path by the river-side, so About the braes opposite Economy and long habit have established malt sugar as a brew iniquitously shut up, bramble-berries wont to be found in proing material, but cane-sugar will afford an excellent drink. fusion; but in the vale of Clyde, between Lanark and HamilTo persons residing in the country, and far from breweries, as ton, this becomes a rich fruit. Its roots, when dried in the well as those who do not choose the great trouble of managing shade, cut into small fragments, and, taken in the shape of a malt. this is a valuable fact. Another advantage of cane-sugar weak infusion, form one of the best specifics against obstinate is, that the apparatus necessary for converting it into beer is coughs. Its long branches can, in cases of need, be used as mach inore simple; all that is required. is a cask which has cords; and its fruit produces an excellent wine, the mode of no bung-hole, or has it well stopped up. This is to be set stand-making which is as follows:-Five measures of the ripe fruit, ing on either of its ends; a cock is to be fixed in one of the with one of honey and six of wine, are taken and boiled; the taves, about an inch above the bottom chimb, so that in draw froth is skimmed off, the fire removed, and the mixture being ing off the liquor, the sediment cannot also run. In the centre passed through a linen cloth, is left to ferment. It is then of the top of the cask, that is, in the centre of its other end, a boiled anew, and allowed to ferment in a suitable cask. In hole is to be bored, of such size as will admit a large bottle-cork. Provence, bramble-berries are used to give a deep colour to Let us suppose that the cask holds 10 gallons, and the drink is particular wines. to be tolerably strong ale. The proper quantity of hops requited for 10 gallons of ale, in this process, will be about 1lb. On this quantity, contained in any convenient vessel, pour on It gallons of boiling water; or, what is much better, boil the hops in the water for about five minutes, and no more; then atmiscoff the hops; in the strained liquor dissolve 14lbs. of sugas, and mix in a pint of yeast of the best quality. Pour the whade into the cask it will soon begin to ferment; it will throw up its yeast through the cork-hole at the top, and, this being retained, within the external rim of the chimb, it will, for the most part, fall back into liquor, and run back into the cask. “It will require, at the ordinary temperature of summer, uch as three weeks or a month to complete the fermentahon. For the last fortnight the cork may be generally kept in the hole; but should, once every two days he removed, to give vest to the fixed air, and then replaced. When the fermentation appears at an end, the taste of the sugar will almost entirely have disappeared, it will be barely perceptible. The cork may ther be permanently driven in, and in four days the ale will be f: for draught, or for bottling. As to the quality of the sugar, As a matter of little consequence; white sugar will afford an de scarcely coloured; brown sugar will impart proportionate

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ODE TO FREEDOM...
BY DAVID VEDDER.CHLE SCE

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In youth I adored thee, and knelt at thy shrine;
In manhood I worship thee, Spirit divine:
When my last pulse shall throb, when my last sigh is sighing,
If thy presence is there, there is bliss even in dying.
Thy fanes have been thronged, in days that are past,
With ardent adorers in multitudes vast;
The priests at thine altar have ministered well,
Leonidas, Washington, Wallace, and Tell ! it doe
Enrobed in thy vestments in Bannock's red field, te
Thy patriot sons made Plantagenet yield;
With the flesh of his minions the eagles were gorged, wi
And he writhed and blasphemed in the chains he had forged.
What tho' over Poland, all blighted and waste,
Barbarians stalk at a despot's behest gir ute ocho
THERE, each rock is an altar, each grave is a shrine,
Where thy votaries shall worship yet, Spirit divine of th

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SCRAPS.

ORIGINAL AND SELECTED.

LIFE IN A PIG-STY.-Lord Deerhurst's antipathy to soap and water is generally known. One night, during the time that Sophia Debouchette (afterwards Lady Berwick) was living under his protection, his Lordship being rather "Bacchi plenus," was extolling the charms and manners of his mistress to the Club at Whites', and concluded his eulogy with the following trope-" In fact, I live only in Sophia's eyes."" I don't doubt it," said Lord Alvanley, "for I observed she had a sty in them, the last time I saw

her."

The Marquis of Hertford recently gave a grand dinner at Pompeii, on the site of the ancient baths. Many of the guests were conveyed thither in one of our omnibuses, containing twenty-five persons. The passage of this stupendous modern machine, followed by several elegant English carriages, along the narrow streets of this antique town,

account.

FINANCIAL REFORM.-In order to acquire something like a tolerably accurate understanding of what our Legislators have been doing with our money, it is necessary to go back to some distant period, that we may be able to contrast what our expenditure was with what it now is. The period we shall select is the year 1790; because a report of a Committee of the House of Commons having given an exact account of the expenditure of that year, we shall be safe from error in making use of that the army in that year was L.1.844,153; on the navy, This account shews that the whole expenditure on L. 2,000,000; on the ordnance, L.375,000; on the national debt, L. 10,317,972; and that the total expenditure in 1790, was no more than L.15,969,178. The annual account of the public expenditure laid before the House of Commons this year, shews that it amounted for the year 1832 to L.47,123,208, But to this must be added about L.4,000,000, which is expended in collecting the revenue; making the actual established expenditure of the United Kingdom something more than FIFTYTait's Magazine. ONE MILLIONS, in the sixteenth year of profound peace.

THE CHOLERA IN THE UNITED STATES.-At the date of

males, when they have occasion to go out, either on busi-
ness or pleasure, invariaby adopt the precaution of display-
ing a card, which is attached round their necks, with some
such directions as the following: "My name is
-; should
I be seized with Cholera, do not take me to the hospital, but to
my residence, No.- in

-street.

formed a most singular spectacle. An attempt at an excavation was made during the dinner, but was not successful. the last accounts from New York, the malady had decreased LONDON PORTER-Except in Dublin, this beverage has in virulence in that city; but the deaths and new cases were never been equalled in point of strength and flavour. Imi-sufficiently numerous to excite alarm. Even respectable fe tations have been tried with great exertion and outlay of capital, in different parts of the country, but they can all be detected by their burnt taste, and bear no comparison to the rich, full body of the genuine London porter. This generous liquid, as is well known, is always drunk out of pewter or silver pots, which impart a finer flavour to the mouth of the drinker than if glass or earthenware were used. The reason for this can be scientifically accounted for, by the electro-chemical action which is going on betwixt the acid of the porter and the metal; and, therefore, the popular taste is quite correct in adhering to pewter pots. The Scotch, who import London porter to a large extent, do not seem to be aware of this remarkable fact, as they always drink the liquor from glass tumblers. Between six and seven millions of barrels of porter or strong beer are made annually in England; in 1830, the quantity exported was 74,902 barrels.

ARCTIC LAND EXPEDITION. We rejoice to learn, that an expedition to the shores of the Polar Seas, for the purpose mentioned in the following statement, is at last finally determined upon-to proceed without delay, under the command of Captain Back, by way of Canada, and, early in the spring, to move towards the territories of the Hudson's Bay Company, who take a warm interest in the success of the enterprise. It is intended that Captain Back, without deviating from the main object of his mission, shall avail himself of every opportunity that may occur to enrich the scientific world, and that, before his return, he will have explored those unknown regions between Point Turnagain, where Captain Franklin finished his journey, and the furthermost point to the west, reached by Captain Parry, and thus wind up the main object of those two expeditions-it being supposed, from the rein deer and musk oxen being found on Melville Island, that the land is either continuous or divided only by narrow straits.

FRIENDLY SOCIETIES.-A statement has been exhibited, showing, in a very striking view, the great benefits and relief which Friendly Societies are calculated to afford at a period of unexampled calamity like the present. Since the cholera appeared at Inverness, the number of deaths applicable to the different societies amounted to 74. The sum of L.5 is allowed by each society to defray the funeral expenses of each person; and when it is taken into consideration that several of the unfortunate sufferers belonged to more than one society, there is here a sum of L.400 applied, in a very short period, to sooth the sorrows of the afflicted; and the relief is afforded at a crisis when its value can be more peculiarly appreciated—when the harrowed feelings of the relatives are gratified by being able to pay the last and most sacred duty to the remains of their friends in decency and propriety. Can we make a more forcible appeal as to the usefulness of such institutions, and to the prudence of the working-classes becoming members of them?

DR. JOHNSON ON POPULAR AND USEFUL PREACHING.I talked of preaching and of the great success which those called Methodists have.-Johnson, Sir, it is owing to their expressing themselves in a plain and familiar manner, which is the only way to do good to the common people, and which clergymen of learning and genius ought to do from a practice of duty, when it is suited to their congregations; a principle for which they will be praised by men of sense. To insist against drunkenness as a crime, because it debases reason, the noblest faculty of man, would be of no service to the common people, but to tell them they may die in a fit of drunkenness, and show them how dreadful that would be cannot fail to make their homely manner, religion will soon decay in that country." a deep impression. Sir, when your Scotch clergy give up Let this observation, as Johnson meant it, be ever remembered.-Boswell's Johnson.

BESIDES appearing in WEEKLY NUMBERS, the SCHOOLMASTER is published in MONTHLY PARTS, which, stitched in a neat cover, contain as much letter-press, of good execution, as any of the large Monthly Periodicals: A Table of Contents will be given at the end of the year; when, at the weekly cost of three-halfpence, a hand. some volume of 832 pages, super-royal size, may be bound up, con taining much matter worthy of preservation.

PART II., containing the five September Numbers, with JOHN. STONE'S MONTHLY REGISTER, may be had of all the Booksellers. Price 9d. For the accommodation of weekly readers, the Monthly Register and Cover may be had separately at the different places of sale.

CONTENTS OF NO. XII.

Original Letter of Burns-Political Martyrs of the end of last
century,....

What have you to do with Politics?
Price of Justice,...........
Hydrostatic Bed,.

....177

...178

...179

....179

Rise, Progress, and Present State of the Secession Church,....180
Portraits by a Lady-taken in the Ventilator of the House
of Commons,......

The Comet-Infectious Character of Superstition,..............183
VERSES FOR THE YOUNG,....

......... 183

.181

ELEMENTS OF THOUGHT-The Press, &c......................18
COLUMN FOR THE LADIES-Governesses, &c....
THE STORY-TELLER-The old White Hat-and the old Grey
Mare,...

.....185

190

Sailors and Marines-Beauties of Flogging,........ 189
Old Foot-Paths, &c....
USEFUL NOTICES-Beer from Sugar, &c.....................191
SCRAPS-Original and Selected.......

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EDINBURGH: Printed by and for JOHN JOHNSTONE, 19, St. James
Square.-Published by JOHN ANDERSON, Jun., Bookseller, 55, North
Bridge Street, Edinburgh; by JOHN MACLEOD, and AITKINSON &
Co., Booksellers, Glasgow; and sold by all Booksellers and Venders
of Cheap Periodicals.

THE

AND

EDINBURGH WEEKLY MAGAZINE.

CONDUCTED BY JOHN JOHNSTONE.

THE SCHOOL MASTER IS ABROAD.-LORD BROUGHAM.

No. 13.-VOL. I. SATURDAY, OCTOBER 27, 1832. PRICE THREE-HALFPENCE.

ALL-HALLOW EVE.

fixed a lighted candle. This they do with their mouths only, their hands being tied behind their backs. From the custom of flinging nuts into the fire, or cracking them with their teeth, it has likewise obtained the name of nut-crack night. In an ancient illuminated missal in Mr. Douce's collection, a person is represented balancing himself upon lighted candle, from which he is endeavouring to light ana pole laid across two stools; at the end of the pole is a other in his hand, at the risk of tumbling into a tub of water placed under him. A writer, about a century ago, says, This is the last day of October, and the birth of this packet is partly owing to the affair of this night. I and nuts, I took the opportunity of running back my own am alone; but the servants having demanded apples, ale, annals of Allhallows Eve; for you are to know, my lord, that I have been a mere adept, a most famous artist, both in the college and country, on occasion of this anile chimerical solemnity.'*

THE SCOTCH HALLOW E’EN. ABOUT the time this number of the SCHOOL MASTER comes into the hands of our young readers, préparations will be making, and invitations giving, for the due celebration of the social festivities and ancient mysteries of HALLOW E'EN. On "hauding Hallow E'en" Burns is, and ever will remain classic authority, and Burns, in one shape or other, is to be found in almost every house in the kingdom. All-Hallow Eve is the eve, or vigil of All Saints' Daythe 1st of November. It is accordingly celebrated on the last day of October. As a church festival, it is said by antiquarians to correspond with the Ferialia of the Romans, on which day they sacrificed in honour of the dead, offering up prayers to them, and making oblations. The Church of Rome consecrates it to Saints en masse, including all whom the limited number of 365 days cannot comprehend. Bonfires were made on this night in many parts of Scotland, Ireland, and in Wales; but the Hallow Even bleeze is now nearly fallen into desitetude. From a letter in one of Mr. HONE's most amusing books, it appears that the custom of kindling fires is still observed near Paisley. In the parish of Callander, a Highland border parish, Hallow Even fires were lighted in every hamlet or toun, and it is probable the custom still lingers in those districts. When the fire was burnt out, the ashes were swept up into a line, in form of a circle, near the circumference of which a stone was placed for every member of the families connected with the fire; and the stone (or stones) displaced or tumbled over before next morning, foretold the death of the fey or doomed person for whom it was placed, before next Hallow Even. In the parish of Logierait, dry heath, broom, and flax-dressings were tied upon a pole, the fagot kindled, and carried round the village by a person running, attended by a crowd of followers. These Hallow Even fagots made a brilliant illumination through the parish in a dark night. Antiquarians derive this custom from the processions of the Romans, and other ancient nations, who bore torches round the tombs of their ancestors. OVID states that when those rites were neglected, the dead left their tombs and went howling about the streets, till the custo-lovers are faithful, they put three nuts upon the bars of the mary honours were paid to their manes. From BRAND, one of the most delightful of antiquarian gossips, we learn thaiy

"On this night young people in the north of England dive for apples, or catch at them, when stuck upon one end of a kind of hanging beam, at the other extremity of which is

"Pennant says, that the young women in Scotland determine the figure and size of their husbands by drawing cabbages blind-fold on Allhallow Even, and, like the English, fling nuts into the fire. It is mentioned by Burns, in a note to his poem on Hallow E'en,' that The first ceremony of Hallow E'en is pulling each a stock or plant of kail. They must go out hand and hand, with eyes shut, and pull the first they meet with. Its being big or little, straight or crooked, is prophetic of the size and shape of the grand object of all their spells---the husband or wife. If any gird, or earth, stick to the root, that is tocher, or fortune; and the taste of the custoc, that is the heart of the stem, is indicative of the natural temper and disposition. Lastly, the stems, or, to give them their ordinary appellation, the runts, are placed somewhere above the head of the door; and the Christian names of the people whom chance brings into the house, are, according to the priority of placing the runts, the names in question.' It appears that the Welsh have a play in which the youth of both sexes seek for an even-leaved sprig of the ash: and the first of either sex that finds one, calls out Cyniver, and is answered by the first of the other that succeeds; and these two, if the omen fails not, are to be joined in wed. lock.' +

"Burns says, that Burning the nuts is a favourite charm. They name the lad and lass to each particular nut, as they lay them in the fire; and accordingly as they burn quietly together, or start from beside one another, the course and issue of the courtship will be.' It is to be noted, that in Ireland, when the young women would know if their

grates, naming the nuts after the lovers. If a nut cracks or
jumps, the lover will prove unfaithful; if it begins to blaze
or burn, he has a regard for the person making the trial.
If the nuts, named after the girl and her lover, burn to
gether, they will be married. This sort of divination is
Life of Harvey, the conjuror. 8vo. 1728.
+ Owen's Welsh Dictionary.

also used in some parts of England at this time. Gay mentions it in his Spell:'--

Two hazel nuts I threw into the flame,

And to each nut I gave a sweetheart's name:
This with the loudest bounce me sore amazed,
That in a flame of brightest colour blazed;

As blazed the nut, so may thy passion grow,
For 'twas thy nut that did so brightly glow!"

same by an apple in a tub of water; eachowing a thr but into the fire, and those that burn bright betoken prosperity to the owners through the following year, but those that burn black and crackle denote misfortune. On the follow. ing morning the stones are searched for in the fire, and if any be missing they betide ill to those that threw them in.' "At St. Kilda, on Hallow E'en night, they baked ‘a

"There are some lines by Charles Graydon, Esq. On large cake in form of a triangle, furrowed round, and which

Nuts burning Allhallows Eve.'

'These glowing nuts are emblems true

Of what in human life we view;

The ill-match'd couple fret and fume,
And thus, in strife themselves consume;
Or, from each other wildly start,

And with a noise for ever part

But see the happy, happy pair,

Of genuine love and truth sincere ;

With mutual fondness while they burn,
Still to each other kindly turn:
And as the vital sparks decay
Together gently sink away:

Till life's fierce ordeal being past,

Their mingled ashes rest at last,”*

The blue clew, the three dishes, the apple ate at the glass, the hemp-seed sawing, the winning three wechts o' naething, the drouking the sark sleeve, are all familiar spells. The drapping of the egg is less practised in the Lowland parts than the Highlands of Scotland; the white of the raw egg is dropt in small quantities into fair water in a glass vessel, when the fantastic floating forms into which it shoots, afford subject of divination. If a single particle of the yolk drop into the glass which is to shadow forth a young maiden's fortune, her fate is as certain as if she had lost the tap pickle in drawing the three stalks of oats. For the following selection of Hallow Even customs we are indebted to Mr. HONE's works:

"At Aberdeen, The Midsummer Even Fire, a relic of Druidism, was kindled in some parts of this county; the Hallow Even fire, another relict of Druidism, was kindled in Buchan. Various magic ceremonies were then celebrated to counteract the influence of witches and demons, and to prognosticate to the young their success or disappointment in the matrimonial lottery. These being devoutly finished, the Hallow fire was kindled, and guarded by the male part of the family. Societies were formed, either by pique or humour, to scatter certain fires, and the attack and defence were often conducted with art and fury.' 'But now the Hallow fire, when kindled, is attended by children only; and the country girl, renouncing the rites of magic, endeavours to enchant her swain by the charms of dress and of industry.'+

"Pennant records, that, in North Wales, there is a custom, upon All Saints' Eve, of making a great fire, called Coel Coeth, when every family about an hour in the night, makes a great bonfire in the most conspicuous place near the house; and when the fire is almost extinguished, every one

throws a white stone into the ashes, having first marked it, then, having said their prayers, turning round the fire, they go to bed. In the morning, as soon as they are up, they come to search out the stones; and if any one of them is found wanting, they have a notion that the person who

threw it in will die before he sees another All Saints' Eve.' They also distribute soul cakes on all Souls' Day, at the receiving of which poor people pray to God to bless the next crop of wheat.

"Mr. Owen's account of the Bards, in Sir R. Hoare's Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin through Wales,' says, "The autumnal fire is still kindled in North Wales, on the eve of the first day of November, and is attended by many ceremonies; such as running through the fire and smoke, each casting a stone into the fire, and all running off at the conclusion to escape from the black short-tailed sow; then supping upon parsnips, nuts, and apples; catching at an apple suspended by a string with the mouth alone, and the • Graydon's Collection of Poems. 8vo. Dublin, 1801, + Sinclair's Stat. Acc. of Scotland.

was to be all eaten that night." In England, there are still some parts wherein the grounds are illuminated upon the eve of All Souls, by bearing round them straw, or other fit materials, kindled into a blaze. The ceremony is called a a tinley, and the Romish opinion among the common people is, that it represents an emblematical lighting of souls out of purgatory.

"The inhabitants of the Isle of Lewis, one of the western islands of Scotland, had an ancient custom, to sacrifice to a sea god, called Shony, at Hallow-tide, in the manner fol lowing the inhabitants round the island came to the church of St. Mulvay, having each man his provision along with him. Every family furnished a peck of malt, and this was One of their number was picked out to brewed into ale. ale in his hand, standing still in that posture, cried out with wade into the sea up to the middle; and carrying a cup of a loud voice, saying, "Shony, I give you this cup of ale, hoping that you'll be so kind as to send us plenty of seaware, for enriching our ground the ensuing year;" and so threw the cup of ale into the sea. This was performed in the night-time. At his return to land, they all went to church, where there was a candle burning on the altar; and then standing silent for a little time, one of them gave a signal, at which the candle was put out, and immediately all of them went to the fields, where they fell a drinking their ale, and spent the remainder of the night in dancing and singing, &c."+

In Ireland, this vigil, in which it is believed the Prince of the Power of the Air, and his minions, have full scope, is observed with nearly the same ceremonies as in Scotland and the north of England. One custom peculiar to the north of Ireland is, for the girl who longs for a glimpse of her predestined partner, to go to some solitary spot by her self, and knitting nine knots on a garter, repeat the while the following spell:

"I knit this knot-this knot I knit,
To see the sight I ne'er saw yet-
To see my true love in his best array,
Or the clothes that he wears every day;
And if his livery I'm to wear,
And if his children I'm to bear-
Blithe and merry may he be,

And may his face be turned to me."

The apparition of course passes the maiden, as in these ruled cases. The only drawback on these old usages was the mortal terror into which they sometimes threw young people, especially the blue clew, and the rites practised in

solitude.

In the southern suburbs of Edinburgh, a girl, a servant in a respectable family, died about twenty-five years ago, in consequence of the agony of fright into which she was thrown by the trick of a mischievous companion.

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