SYNTAX-ANALYSIS.

Ex.--"Our friends who live in the city"

=

183

Our friends living in the city Our friends in the city. "A book that may amuse you” = A book to amuse you.

=

Rem. 4.—The abridged form of an adverbial clause is a participial, infinitive, prepositional, or absolute phrase.

=

Ex.-"When we heard the explosion, we hastened to the spot Hearing the explosion, we hastened, etc.; "I attend school that I may learn" I attend school to learn; "If he be economical, he will become rich" He will become rich by being economical; "When the soldiers arrived, the mob dispersed The soldiers having arrived, etc.

Rem. 5.-The abridged form of an objective clause is a noun or pronoun modified by an infinitive phrase.

=

Ex.-"We wish that you would stay" We wish you to stay. thought that he was a merchant" I thought him to be a merchant.

"I

207. MODELS FOR ANALYSIS.

XXXVI. "I know him to be a sailor."

This is a sentence; declarative; simple.

I is the subject; know is the predicate. The predicate is modified by the abridged proposition him to be a sailor, equivalent to "that he is a sailor," an objective element. Him is modified by the phrase to be a sailor, an adjective element; sailor by a, an adjective element.

XXXVII. "I was aware of his being my enemy."

This is a sentence; declarative; simple.

I is the subject; aware is the predicate; was is the copula. The predicate, "aware," is modified by the abridged proposition of his being my enemy, an adverbial element, equivalent · to, "that he was my enemy." Being is modified by his, an adjective element; enemy, by my, an adjective element.

XXXVIII. "The shower having passed, we resumed our journey."

This is a sentence; declarative; simple.

We is the subiect: resumed is the predicate. "Resumed "

fied by our, an adjective element. "Resumed is also modified by the abridged proposition the shower having passed, equivalent to "when the shower had passed." "Shower" is modified by the and having passed, adjective elements.

208. EXERCISES.

Analyze the following sentences, giving equivalent clauses for the abridged propositions:

1. Cæsar having crossed the Rubicon, Pompey prepared for battle. 2. Having accumulated a large fortune, he retired from business. 3. Being but dust, be humble and wise. 4. Judging from his dress, I should pronounce him an artisan.

5. I believe him to be an honest man. 6. There is no hope of his recovering his health. 7. There is no prospect of the storm's abating. 8. Having been detained by this accident, he lost the opportunity of seeing them.

9. Having annoyed us thus for a time, they began to form themselves into close columns, six or eight abreast.-Jane Taylor.

She gave me for my pains a world of sighs.-Shakespeare.

209. DIRECTIONS FOR ANALYSIS.

SENTENCES.

I. In analyzing:

1. Read the sentence.

2. Determine, from its form and use, whether it is declara

tive, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory.

3. Determine whether it is simple, complex, or compound.

4. Arrange all the parts in natural order.

5. If necessary for analysis or parsing, supply all ellipses.

II. If it is a simple sentence:

1. Point out the logical subject and logical predicate.

2. Point out the grammatical subject and grammatical predicate.

3. Determine whether the subject is sinple, complex, or compound; and when complex, point out and classify its modifiers with their qualifications.

4. Determine whether the predicate is simple, complex, or compound; and when complex, point out and classify (1) its objective modifiers, (2) its adverbial modifiers, with their qualifications.

5. Point out the attendant elements, and all the connectives.

III. If it is a complex sentence:

1. Analyze the principal clause as in II.

2. Analyze the subordinate clause or clauses as in II.

IV.—If it is a compound sentence, each member should be' analyzed as a simple or complex sentence, as in II or III.

ELEMENTS.

V.—1. If an element is a single word, it is completely reduced. 2. If an element is a phrase or a clause, determine:

a. The connective, and the parts it joins.

b. In a phrase, determine the antecedent and subsequent terms of relation of the preposition.

c. In a clause, point out the subject and predicate.

3. If an element is complex:

a. Reduce it to simple elements.

4. If an element is compound:

a. Separate it into its component simple elements.

b. Point out and classify the connective which joins them. c. Dispose of each element separately, as in 1 and 2 above. Rem. The sentence being reduced by analysis to the parts of speech of which it is composed, let the teacher select such words as should be parsed, and instruct his pupils how to dispose of them according to the "models for parsing."

H. G-16.

210. MODEL FOR COMPLETE ANALYSIS.

XXXIX. "The patriot, whom the corrupt tremble to see arise, may well feel a grateful satisfaction in the mighty power which heaven has delegated to him, when he thinks that he has used it for those purposes only which heaven approves."

This is a sentence; declarative; complex. It is composed of six clauses. The principal clause is:

The patriot may well feel a grateful satisfaction in the mighty power.

The subordinate clauses are:

1. Whom the corrupt tremble to see arise;

2. Which heaven has delegated to him;

3. When he thinks;

4. That he has used it for those purposes only;

5. Which heaven approves.

"Patriot" is the subject of the principal clause; "may feel" is the predicate.

The subject, “patriot," is modified (1) by "the," an adjective element, and (2) by the clause "whom the corrupt tremble to see arise," an adjective element; of which "whom" is the connective, "corrupt" is the subject, and "tremble" is the predicate. "Corrupt" is modified by "the," an adjective element; "tremble" is modified by the phrase "to see," an adverbial element; which is modified by "whom," an objective element, and "whom" is modified by the phrase "[to] arise," an adjective

element.

The predicate, “may feel," is modified (1) by “well," an adverbial element; (2) by "satisfaction," an objective element; which is modified by "a" and "grateful," adjective elements; and (3) by the phrase "in the mighty power which heaven has delegated to him," an adverbial element. "Power" is modified (1) by "the" and "mighty," adjective elements; (2) by the clause "which heaven has delegated to him," an adjective element; of which "which" is the connective, “heaven" is the subject,

and "has delegated" is the predicate: "has delegated" is modified (1) by "which," an objective element; (2) by the phrase "to him," an adverbial element; of which "to" is the connective, and "him" is the object.

'May feel" is modified (4) by the clause "when he thinks," etc., an adverbial element; of which "when" is the connective, "he" is the subject, and "thinks" is the predicate. "Thinks" is modified by the clause "that he has used it," etc., an objective element; of which "that" is the connective, "he" is the subject, and "has used" is the predicate. "Has used" is modified (1) by "it," an objective element; (2) by the phrase "for those purposes only," etc., an adverbial element. "Purposes" is modified (1) by "those" and "only," adjective elements; and (2) by the clause "which heaven approves," an adjective element; of which "which" is the connective, heaven" is the subject, and "approves" is the predicate. "Approves" is modified by "which," an objective element.

แ

211. BRIEF METHOD OF ANALYSIS.

"Patriot" is the subject; "may feel" is the predicate.

The subject, "patriot," is modified (1) by "the," an adjective element, and (2) by the clause "whom the corrupt tremble to see arise," an adjective element.

The predicate, “may feel," is modified (1) by "well," an adverbial element, denoting manner; (2) by a grateful satisfaction," a complex objective element; (3) by the phrase "in the mighty power which . . . him," a complex adverbial element; and (4) by the clause "when he thinks plex adverbial element, denoting time.

approves," a com

212. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.

1. Hypocrisy is a sort of homage that vice pays to virtue. 2. The gods have set a price on every real and noble pleasure. 3. He was a very young boy; quite a little child. 4. It has all the contortions of the sibyl, without the inspiration.-Burke.