dorsement or condemnation, to the stage at which, for better or for worse, Palestine colonization is a fact. This transition is the achievement of Zionism. If the Fourth were to be the last of the International Congresses, the centralized efforts to establish, on a permanent and wise basis, colonization in Palestine, which before political Zionism came was desultory and dilettante, would suffice to give the movement an honorable place. Political Zionism has forced Philanthropic Zionism into self-conscious assertion and dignity.

Simultaneously with the news of the assembling of the Congress comes the news of the stampede among Roumanian Jews: of the panic that has not only seized the fugitives, but has paralyzed the agencies of help; of the lack of provision made at Vienna, for instance-another illustration of Austrian lethargy-for their reception; of the hopelessness that possesses the outcasts at the idea of returning to Roumania; of the utter inadequacy, in the face of so frightful a crisis, of organizations whose purpose is remedial not preventive-a criticism directed, not against the organizations, but against the authors of a situation so horrible that it cannot be met by any existing force. Is it despair, or is it warm-hearted and statesmanlike foresight that inspires the assembled delegates with the belief that self-respect and self-preservation make imperative the step from philanthropic to political Zionism?

The century closes dark, but in the habitations of the Jews there is light. The nations are staggering under the incubus of the "ritual murder" charge and anti-Semitism, of wars in the South and in the East, of imperialistic designs and lust of land. However much he may share in the prevailing degeneration, the Jew steps into the new century still conscious of his mission, occupied with the questions, political,

social, ideal, that are at once summed up and solved in the word Zion-Zion, that is, the mountain of the house of the Lord, to which the nations shall flow to be taught the ways of the God of Jacob, and to walk in His paths.

August 17, 1900.

JUDAISM IN FRANCE FROM JUNE 1, 1899 TO
JUNE 1, 1900

BY RABBI LOUIS GERMAIN LÉVY

Since the Dreyfus affair, anti-Semitism has had its day in France, and it certainly was not the fault of the followers of Drumont, Guérin, and their associates that most annoying measures were not taken against the Jews, and that barbarous scenes of violence were not presented in the streets of la Ville-Lumiére. Fortunately, the Republicans, though they set the pace, finally realized that anti-Semitism was only a mask for all sorts of reactionary movements, and that the Church pulled the wires. Now that the eyes of the public are opened, the height of the danger is passed. However, the discontented are numerous, the narrow-minded and foolish are legion, clericalism is clever in availing itself of wicked notions under cover of pure virtue and shining patriotism, and French Jews will have long and severe conflicts to undergo before they reach the end of their troubles. But we are confident that nothing will deter them in the struggle for freedom of conscience and for the rights of the individual, and that they will take first place among those fighting for liberty and justice.

The events that marked the last twelve months will now be briefly narrated.

In June long, interesting debates on anti-Semitism in Algeria took place in the Chamber of Deputies. M. Barthou, Moderate, and M. Rouanet, Socialist, condemned anti-Semitism. Mm. Marchal and Morinaud, deputies from Algeria,

charged the Jews with the worst offenses. The governorgeneral, M. Laferrière, declared himself in favor of a revision of the electoral law for the Jews made French subjects in 1870, and for the foreigners that have been French subjects since 1889. M. Viviani, Socialist, attacked anti-Semitism. With the fall of the Dupuy ministry, the Algerian question was indefinitely postponed. The Court of Cassation concluded the revision of the Dreyfus trial, and referred the matter to the Court Martial at Rennes.-At Versailles a band of young men threw stones at the synagogue and at the rabbi and the warden, seriously wounding the latter.

In August a duel arising out of anti-Semitism took place at St. Germain-en-Laye (near Paris) between two quartermasters of the 18th Chasseurs, Biancarelli and Klein. Klein, a Jew, was killed.-The trial at Rennes was opened.From the time of the arrival of the prefect Lutaud and the accession of the ministry de défense republicaine, the troubles in Algeria ceased.

In September the verdict of the Court Martial at Rennes was rendered. Anti-Semitic excesses occurred in different cities. The President of the Republic signed the pardon of Dreyfus.

In October M. Méline, ex-president of the Council, delivered an important speech in the Vosges, in which, though blaming the promoters of the agitation for revision, he scourged anti-Semitism, "that new disease."

In December the Socialist congress unanimously adopted a resolution of citizen Brunellière tending to condemn the anti-Semites and Nationalists.-M. Morinaud, anti-Semitic deputy from Constantine, addressed an interpellation to the minister of war on the subject of the military medal accord

ed on July 14 to M. Brunswick, quartermaster of the third African Chasseurs. General Galliffet replied: "Quartermaster Brunswick, it is true, is a Jew. That affects me in absolutely no way. If a soldier is deemed worthy of a reward by his superior officers, I will give it to him, be he Jew or Christian."

In January, 1900, partial elections for the Senate took place. Mm. Paul Strauss and Edward Millaud, Jews, were re-elected on the first ballot. General Mercier was elected.The Assumptionist Fathers, who in their journal, La Croix, preached most violent hate against the Jews, were condemned.

In March the Jewish captain Raine de Falaise was the object of infamous accusations on the part of two superior officers and a subaltern of his regiment. As the result of strict investigation, the accusations were recognized as slanderous; one officer was degraded, another disciplined, and the subaltern cashiered.

In May, during the municipal elections, the Nationalists. gained a striking victory at Paris, but in the provinces the results were more satisfactory.

Judaism in France has this year lost some striking personalities: in June, 1899, M. Bédarrides, first honorary president of the Court of Cassation and vice-president of the Central Consistory; Aron, colonel of artillery, commander of the Legion of Honor. In July Baroness Nathaniel de Rothschild; Solomon Braun, lieutenant of marine artillery, killed at Chari while with the Bretonnet mission, of which he was second in command. In November M. Joseph Cohen, journalist, who died at eighty-two years of age; he published Les Déicides (1st edition, 1864; 2nd edition, 1866), and Les Pharisiens