Acknowledgments

The Handbook was produced in the Bureau of Labor Statistics under the general guidance and direction of Neal H. Rosenthal, Associate Commissioner for Employment Projections. Mike Pilot, Chief, Division of Occupational Outlook, and Alan Eck, Manager, Occupational Outlook Studies, were responsible for planning and day-to-day direction.

Supervisors overseeing the research and preparation of material were Douglas Braddock, Chester C. Levine, and Jon Q. Sargent. Team leaders who monitored the work of occupational analysts and contributed material were Thomas A. Amirault, Theresa Cosca, and Kristina Shelley. Occupational analysts who contributed material were Megan Barkume, Verada P. Bluford, Hall Dillon, Geof Gradler, Jeffrey C. Gruenert, Jonathan Kelinson, R. Sean Kirby, Richard Melchionno, Mark Mittelhauser, Kurt Schrammel, Gary Steinberg, Michael Steinman, Carolyn M. Veneri, and Drew A. Warwick.

Word processing support was handled by Beverly A. Williams.

Note

A great many trade associations, professional societies, unions, industrial organizations, and government agencies provide career information that is valuable to counselors and jobseekers. For the convenience of Handbook users, some of these organizations and, in some cases, their homepage addresses on the Internet, are listed at the end of each occupational statement. Although these references were carefully compiled, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has neither authority nor facilities for investigating the organizations or the information or publications that may be sent in response to a request and cannot guarantee the accuracy of such information. The listing of an organization, therefore, does not constitute in any way an endorsement or recommendation by the Bureau either of the organization and its activities or of the information it may supply. Each organization has sole responsibility for whatever information it may issue.

The occupational information contained in the Handbook presents a general, composite description of jobs and cannot be expected to reflect work situations in specific establishments or localities. The Handbook, therefore, is not intended and should not be used as a guide for determining wages, hours, the right of a particular union to represent workers, appropriate bargaining units, or formal job evaluation systems. Nor should earnings data in the Handbook be used to compute future loss of earnings in adjudication proceedings involving work injuries or accidental deaths.

Material in this publication is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. Comments about the contents of this publication and suggestions for improving it are welcome. Please address them to Chief, Division of Occupational Outlook, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 20212.

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Photograph Credits

The Bureau of Labor Statistics wishes to express its appreciation for the cooperation and assistance of the many government and private sources-listed below-that either contributed photographs or made their facilities available to photographers working under contract to the U.S. Department of Labor. Photographs may not be free of every possible safety or health hazard. Depiction of company or trade name in no way constitutes endorsement by the Department of Labor.

Allen-Mitchell Company, Machine Shop; Amaco Petroleum Products, Yorktown, Virginia Refinery; American Red Cross Blood Bank, Baltimore, Maryland; American University; Amtrak; Animal Disease Laboratory of the State of Illinois in Galesburg, Illinois; Appalachian Spring; Audio-Phone of Washington, DC; Baltimore Specialty Steels; Baltimore Homesteading Program; Brown's Arlington Honda; Burling and Northern Railroad, Galesburg, Illinois; Carlotta Joyner; City Paper of Washington, DC; Craddock-Terry, Inc., Farmville Plant; Cumberland Memorial Hospital; Dance Place, Washington, DC; Day's Inn, Keene, New Hampshire; D.C. Vending Company, Inc.; Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security; District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Service Department; D.L. Boyd, Hyattsville, Maryland; Dr. Bruce L. Lazerow, Sears Optical; Dr. David Walls-Kaufman, Capitol Hill Chiropractic Center; Dulles International Airport; Eddie Mercer, Inc.; Eric Margry Jewelry; Family Therapy Practice Center; Federal City Papers; Fern Hunt, Computing and Applied Mathematics Laboratory, NIST; Firefighting Department of Landover, Maryland; Fontana Affiliated Graphics, Inc.; General Accounting Office; George Hyman Construction Company; George Meany Labor Studies Center and Archives; George Washington University Hospital and Medical Library; Gerald A. Lipps, D.D.S., P.A.; Giant Food Stores; Gighi's African Fashions and Textile Gallery; Goddard Space Flight Center; H. & H. Bindery, Hyattsville, Maryland; H & R Block, Fort Washington Office; Herb Gordon Dodge, Silver Spring, Maryland; Howard University, Department of Geology; Hurly Company; Industrial Photo of Silver Spring; Institute of Textile Technology; Iona House; Johns Hopkins Hospital, Clinical Engineering Services; Jolles Brothers, Inc.; Joseph Passonneau, FAIA, ASCE; Karla Westjohn, Attorney; Kevin Hassett, State Farm Agent; Kim Roberts; La Parisien Furs, Washington, DC; La Pierre and Company Design Studio; Lee Lawrence; Legg, Mason, Wood, Walker, Inc.; Lewes-Cape May Ferry; Mar, Inc., Naval Engineering Group; Marc Rubenstein, Advanced Tool and Machine Service of Washington, DC; Maryann Honakar, D.D.S.; Medical Records Corporation; Mid-Town Pharmacy; Midway Marine of Galesburg, Illinois; Montgomery County Library, Chevy Chase Branch; National Court Reporters Association; National Weather Service Forecast Office; Northwestern Illinois Agricultural Research and Demonstration Center; Orthotic & Prosthetic Specialties, Inc. of Laurel, Maryland; Paris London Detective Agency; Parkview Elementary School, Washington, DC; Pastor Laureen E. Smith, Western Presbyterian Church; Pierce Associates, Alexandria, Virginia; Population Reference Bureau, Inc.; Port of Longview, Washington; Port of Portland, Oregon; Port of Seattle, Washington; Potomac Electric Power Company; Professor Therese Hein; Providence Opticians; Quad Cities Nuclear Power Plant; Rapp Funeral Home, Silver Spring, Maryland; Riggs National Bank of Washington, DC; Rock Terrace High School, Montgomery County, Maryland; Rolf Jensen Associates; SAIC; Sandy Springs School, Sandy Springs, Maryland; Seely Pine Furniture, Berkeley Springs, West Virginia; Sheraton Washington Hotel; Society for Technical Communication; Southern States Cooperative, Lothan, Maryland Grain Elevator; State Farm Insurance Agency; St. Martin's Catholic Church; Strasburger & Siegel, Inc.; Strauss Technical Photo; Suburban Dental Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, Maryland; Susan Pearcy, Visual Artist; Theophus Brooks Upholstery; Travel Bound; United Airlines, Dulles Airport Facility; University of Maryland, Electrical Engineering Department; Urban Institute of Washington, DC; U.S. Air Force; U.S. Army; U.S. Coast Guard; U.S. Marine Corps; U.S. Navy; U.S. Post Office; USG, Inc. Utilities of Lancaster, Pennsylvania; Violin House of Weaver, Bethesda, Maryland; Walter Reed Army Hospital, Washington, DC; Washington Area Metropolitan Transit Authority; Washington Park Zoo, Portland, Oregon; Washington Times; WETA; Whitman-Walker Clinic, Inc. of Washington, DC; Working Images Photographs, Martha Tabor; Wyatt Company.