has gone forward with the powder cart." The level-headed see both sides of the shield, and are seeking to find "the moral equivalent of war."

II. EMULATION.

Emulation seems to be a child of pugnacity. It is a kind of play fighting, and runs parallel with and is closely associated with the fighting instinct. People of unwarlike races are relatively free from it. To them such games as football are absurd. It seems to them unnatural to put forth vigor in a contest where the prize is nothing but the satisfaction of winning.

Pugnacity finds its satisfaction in the destruction of its opponent, while emulation is content with his submission.

In "Rob Roy" we have a picture of the play of these two tendencies in two Scotch communities separated by a few miles. In the Highlands the MacGregor and his gillies represent an intensively pugnacious type: among them the claymore and dagger are always red in the business of destruction. In Glasgow, on the other hand, Mr. Jarvie and his kind accumulate "siller" in trade, or wage a war of words in the council of magistrates, where the only objects of destruction are reputations. To Rob Roy this town business is tame and unworthy of manhood.

Professor James says that nine-tenths of the work of the world is accomplished by emulation. It is the principal motive in all our games, in commercial and industrial rivalries after a competence is assured, in our system of education, and in nearly all our intellectual and business activities. The consciousness of being superior even in dress is said to bring a kind of consolation to some which religion cannot give.

Emulation has supplanted pugnacity as a driving force in most affairs of life except in war and religion.

Emulation has certain values for war. ulates enthusiasm in drill or maneuvers.

It stim

In ac

tual battles it is the source of wholesome rivalry between allies. But emulation cannot supplant pugnacity.

The object of war is the total annihilation of the organized forces of the enemy in the shortest time. As destruction is the satisfier of pugnacity, and the end toward which it directs its energies, augmenting other impulses with one driving force, it is the paramount instinct to be cultivated for success in war.

III. PLAY

There is a tendency to certain kinds of play in youth which has been explained as a preparation

for the activities of maturer years. Young dogs engage in playful fighting under conditions which imply an understanding that no injury will be done. Some part of the fighting instinct is aroused, which trains brain and muscles in ways that are later useful in real combat. Young boys react in this way in their hunting and fighting games, and in the same way some part of the maternal instinct reacts in the doll-playing and housekeeping games of girls. Many games of this kind are attempts to gain the excitement of certain instincts by feigning that the occasion for their exercise is present. In military games, like maneuvers and field exercises, the tendencies involved are hunting, fighting, and emulation. If maneuvers were properly prepared and planned and the rules governing the game selected to develop the situations which satisfy the instinctive tendencies, they would become strong inducements to encourage soldierly training. An organization would naturally look forward to a maneuver period as the culmination of the year's work, and prepare for it with the keenest interest. The tendency to indulge in play fighting has a capacity for military usefulness which is capable of great development in the way of dramatizing war, teaching actions useful in field service, and organizing military experience by the solution of problems. The object of maneuvers is to exercise soldiers in what

they would have to do in war, and by practice to create in them the valor that comes from confidence. It is an ancient method of teaching tactics, the success of which depends upon its accuracy in reproducing service conditions. I once read how a Roman commander whose troops were forced back by a charge of elephants, which was a new mode of fighting to his soldiers, blamed himself for not preparing his men to meet elephants by appropriate play exercises. He caused elephants to be brought into his camp, to familiarize his men with these animals, to make them acquainted with their strength and courage, and to instruct them where to strike. He made his cavalry engage them with blunted arrows in order to accustom the horses to their cries, their smell, and to the sight of their unyielding hulks. This story illustrates the correct principle which should underlie all maneuvers. They should be games to make soldiers familiar with the means of overcoming the difficulties of combat and campaigning.

X

SELF-ASSERTION AND SELF-ABASEMENT

TH

HESE instincts are conflicting tendencies which have much to do with discipline and soldier-making. In its primary form, self-assertion is the instinct of self-display. We see it in the struttings of the peacock and in the exhibition displays of other animals. Among men it finds satisfaction in an admiring gaze, and is brought into play by the presence of spectators. We do not wear our best clothes when there is no one to see us.

This peacock instinct is useful in military training, and opportunities should be given for its legitimate display in ceremonies and exhibitions before a crowd. Advantage can be taken of the pleasure the soldier feels in display to secure precise and soldierly execution. I have seen at West Point, during an evening parade, the long line of gray and white break into column and swing past in review. Eight hundred peacocks on parade, if you please, yet the impression is one of solidarity and worth. One feels that there is passing a