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6. HOME TRADE MORE ADVANTAGEOUS THAN FOREIGN
TRADE
§ 7. IMPORTS PAID FOR BY EXPORTS
§ 8. VARIETIES OF FOREIGN TRADE AND THEIR RELATIVE
ADVANTAGES.
§ 9. GENERAL SUMMARY
§ 10. IMPORTANCE OF THE HOME MARKET
§ 11. EXPORT DUTIES ON WOOL AND COAL.
$12. HOW CAN ADAM SMITH'S VIEWS ON
THE SUPERIOR
ADVANTAGE OF HOME TRADE BE RECONCILED WITH
HIS ADVOCACY OF FREE TRADE?
§ 13. BEARING OF THE ANSWER ON THE PRESENT CON-
PAGE
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TROVERSY
CHAPTER VI
THE REAL ADVANTAGES OF FOREIGN TRADE
61
§ 1. CRITIQUE OF OLD IDEAS OF ADVANTAGES OF FOREIGN
64
§ 2. THE NATURAL PREFERENCE OF HOME TO FOREIGN
65
§ 8. DOES PROFIT IN GENERAL LEAD TO ADVANTAGE?
$9. THE "NATURAL" PROTECTION OF HOME Industries
71
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§ 12. REFERENCE TO EXPERIENCE
§ 13. SUMMARY OF REAL ADVANTAGES OF FOREIGN TRADE.
§14. ADAM SMITH'S ATTITUDE NOT PURELY NEGATIVE
§ 15. EXTENSION OF THE ARGUMENT ON HOME TRADE TO
IMPERIAL TRADE
§ 16. DISTINCTION BETWEEN ACTIVE EXPORT TRADE AND
PASSIVE IMPORT TRADE
CHAPTER VII
MEANING OF PROTECTION TO NATIVE INDUSTRIES
§ 1. THE TERM PROTECTION NOT USED BY ADAM SMITH
§ 2. USED IN NARROW SENSE BY ALEXANDER HAMILTON
§ 3. MEANING DEPENDS ON CORRELATION
§ 4. DISTINCTION
PROTECTION
BETWEEN OBJECTS AND METHODS OF
§ 5. TAXES FOR "REVENUE AND FOR "MONOPOLY" DIS-
83
84
85
86
8. PROFIT ON CAPITAL REQUISITE FOR THE EMPLOYMENT
OF LABOUR
92
§ 1. DIFFICULTY OF THE GREATER ADVANTAGE OF EMPLOY-
MENT OF CAPITAL IN HOME TRADE.
97
§ 2. POSSIBLE DISPLACEMENT OF HOME INDUSTRIES BY
FOREIGN IMPORTS
98
§ 3. PROTECTION IN GREAT BRITAIN IN TIME OF ADAM
§ 4. PROTECTION OF ADVANTAGE TO PARTICULAR INDUSTRIES
§ 5. ADAM SMITH'S FIRST ANSWER: INDUSTRY LIMITED BY
CAPITAL
101
103
§ 6. SECOND ANSWER: HOME INDUSTRIES NATURALLY PRO-
TECTED
§ 7. THIRD ANSWER: EFFECT OF PROTECTION ON "THE
ANNUAL PRODUCE OF THE LAND AND LABOUR of
THE SOCIETY"
§ 8. FOURTH ANSWER: DISPLACED LABOUR AND CAPITAL
WILL FIND EMPLOYMENT AT HOME
$9. APPEAL TO EXPERIENCE NECESSARY
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111
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CHAPTER IX
THE PRODUCER AND THE CONSUMER
§ 1. THAT CHEAPNESS IS A BENEFIT AND EMPLOYMENT A
NECESSITY TO THE CONSUMER: BOTH TRUISMS
CONSUMPTION THE SOLE END AND PURPOSE OF ALL
PRODUCTION": CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF
§ 2.
116
118
§ 3. TAXES ON CONSUMABLE COMMODITIES: EFFECT
LABOUR
ON
§ 4. TAXATION OF NECESSARIES: REASONS AGAINST .
§ 5. MR. GLADSTONE ON CHEAPNESS AND EMPLOYMENT
§ 6. ALL TAXES ON COMMODITIES TEND TO REDUCE EMPLOY-
§ 7. THE MASSES OF THE PEOPLE ARE THE MASSES OF
CONSUMERS AND PRODUCERS.
§ 8. ADAM SMITH ALWAYS CONSIDERS THE PRODUCER AS
WELL AS THE CONSUMER
§ 3. THE EVILS OF MONOPOLY
§ 4. MONOPOLY AND THE INTERESTS OF LABOUR
§ 5. PROTECTION TO AGRICULTURE NOT BASED ON MONOPOLY
139
141
144
§ 7. IMPORT OF FOOD NECESSARY WITH GROWTH OF POPU-
MEANING OF "EXCEPTIONS TO FREE TRADE".
§ 2. FIRST EXCEPTION: IF THE INDUSTRY IS NECESSARY
FOR DEFENCE; THE NAVIGATION ACT
§ 3. EFFECTS OF THE NAVIGATION ACT
§ 4. ADAM SMITH APPROVES OF BOUNTIES FOR DEFENCE
§ 5. EXTENSION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF DEFENCE
§ 6. SECOND EXCEPTION: IMPORT DUTIES TO BALANCE TAXES
ON HOME PRODUCTS.
§ 7. IMPORT DUTIES IF MUCH HEAVIER LEAD TO MONOPOLY
§ 8. MEANING OF "GOODS OF SAME KIND"
§ 9. TAXATION OF POSSIBLE SUBSTITUTES
§ 10. PROPOSED EXTENSION OF THE PRINCIPLE TO
§ 11. DIFFICULTIES OF SUCH EXTENSION
§ 12. COUNTERVAILING DUTIES ON FOREIGN BOUNTIES
§ 13. EXTENSION OF COUNTERVAILING DUTIES
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159
.
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161
162
H
§ 18. LIST ON RETALIATION
§ 19. FOURTH EXCEPTION: CASE OF VESTED INTERESTS
§ 20. EXTENSION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF VESTED INTERESTS
21. FIFTH EXCEPTION: CASE OF INFANT INDUSTRIES
§ 22. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE "EXCEPTIONS" TO FREE TRADE
CHAPTER XII
THE STATE IN RELATION TO COMMERCE
§ 1. GENERAL VIEW OF ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS OF THE
STATE
§ 2. THE STATE AND COMMERCE
§ 3. GENERAL RULE: NON-INTERFERENCE STILL PREVAILS
IN SPITE OF EXTENSION OF STATE REGULATION
§ 4. MERCHANTS NOT FIT TO UNDERTAKE THE DUTIES OF
THE SOVEREIGN POWER
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§ 5. HISTORY And Abuses of FOREIGN TRADING COMPANIES :
REGULATED COMPANIES
178
§ 6. JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES-EAST INDIA COMPANY
7. GENERAL VIEW OF RELATION OF TRADE TO SOVE-
179
REIGNTY
182
$8. ADAM SMITH'S APPRECIATION OF THE FOUNDERS OF
THE INDIAN EMPIRE
183
CHAPTER XIII
ADAM SMITH ON COLONIAL POLICY
§ 1. HISTORICAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE COMPOSITION
OF THE "WEALTH OF NATIONS"
§ 4. REASONS FOR COLONISATION, ANCIENT AND MODERN .
188