Cicero, his view of the philosophical opi- nions as to the immortality of the soul, ii. 77. His encomium on the study of the law, v. 308. System of his repub lic, 320.
Cimmerian darkness, the expression of, whence derived, iv. 95. note. Circumcellions of Africa, Donatist schis- matics, history of their revolt, iii. 67. Their religious suicides, 70. Persecu- tion of, by the emperor Honorius, iv. 217.
Circumcision of both sexes, a physical custom in Æthiopia, unconnected with religion, vi. 76.
Circus, Roman, the four factions in, de- scribed, v. 54. Constantinople, and the Eastern empire, distracted by these factions, 56.
Cities in the Roman empire enumerated, i. 54.
Commercial, of Italy, rise, and government of, vi. 212. Citizens of Rome, motive of Caracalla for extending the privileges of, to all the free inhabitants of the empire, i. 177. Political tendency of this grant, 186.
City, the birth of a new one, how celebra-
ted by the Romans, ii. 228. note. Civilians of Rome, origin of the profes sion, and the three periods in the his- tory of, v. 317.
Civilis, the Batavian, his successful re-
volt against the Romans, i. 263. Clawlian the poet, and panegyrist of Sti- licho, his works supply the deficiencies of history, iv. 11. Celebrates the mur- der of Rufinus, 16. His death and character, 77. His character of the eunuch Eutropius, 170.
Claudius, emperor, chosen by the Præto- rian guards, without the concurrence of the senate, i. 81. Claudius, emperor, successor to Gallienus, his character and elevation to the throne, i. 320.
Cleander, minister of the emperor Com- modus, his history, i. 101. Clemens, Flavius, and his wife Domitilla, why distinguished as Christian mar- tyrs, ii. 162.
Clement III. pope, and the emperor Hen- ry III. mutually confirm each other's sovereign characters, vii. 137. Clement V. pope, transfers the holy see from Rome to Avignon, viii. 201. Clergy, when first distinguished from the laity, ii. 109. 418.
The ranks and numbers of, how multiplied, 424. Their property, ibid. Their offences only cognisable by their order, 427. Valentinian's edict to re- strain the avarice of, iii. 265. Clodion, the first of the Merovingian race of kings of the Franks in Gaul, his reign, iv. 275.
Clodius Albinus. governor of Britain, his steady fidelity during the revolutions at Rome, i. 122. Declares himself against Julianus, 123.
Clotilda, niece of the king of Burgundy, is married to Clovis king of the Franks, and converts her Pagan husband, iv. 425. Exhorts her husband to the Go- thic war, 435.
Clovis, king of the Franks, his descent, and reign, iv. 420.
Cluverius, his account of the objects of adoration among the ancient Ger- mans, i. 257. note.
Cochineal, importance of the discovery of, in the art of dying, v. 65. note. Code of Justinian, how formed, v. 326. New edition of, 333.
Codicils, how far adinitted by the Ro- man law respecting testaments, v. 357.
Canobites, in monkish history, described, iv. 387.
Coinage, how regulated by the Roman emperors, viii. 184. Colchos, the modern Mingrelia, describ- ed. v. 229. Manners of the natives, 230. Revolt of, from the Romans to the Persians, and repentance, 236. Colchian war, in consequence, 239. Coliseum, of the emperor Titus, observa- tions on, viii. 274. Exhibition of a bull-feast in 276. Collyridian heretics, an account of, vi. 249.
Colonies, Roman, how planted, i. 41. Colonna, history of the Roman family of,
Colossus of Rhodes, some account of, vi. 357.
Columns of Hercules, their situation, i. 30.
Comana, the rich temple of, suppressed, and the revenues confiscated, by the emperors of the East, ii. 271. Combat, judicial, origin of, in the Salic laws, iv. 448. The laws of, accord- ing to the assize of Jerusalem, vii. 253. Apology for the practice (f, 398. note. Comets, account of those which appear- ed in the reign of Justinian, v. 293.
Commentiolus, his disgraceful warfare
against the Avars, v. 441. Commodus, emperor, his education, cha- racter, and reign, i. 96.
Comneni, origin of the family of, on the
throne of Constantinople, vi. 125. Its extinction, viii. 162.
Conception, immaculate, of the Virgin Mary, the doctrine of, from whence derived, vi. 251.
Concubine, according to the Roman civil law, explained, v. 347. Conflagration, general, ideas of the pri mitive Christians concerning, ii. 84. Conquest, the vanity of, not so justifiable as the desire of spoil, iii. 283. Is ra- ther achieved by art, than personal valour, iv. 235.
Conrad III. emperor, engages in the se- cond crusade, vii. 259. His disastrous expedition, 264.
Conrad of Montferrat, defends Tyre against Saladin, vii. 281. Is assassina- ted, 285.
Constance, treaty of, 214.
Constans, the third son of Constantine the Great, is sent to govern the west- ern provinces of the empire, ii. 301. Division of the empire among him and his brothers, on the death of their father, 312. Is invaded by his brother Constantine, 321. Is killed, on the usurpation of Magnentius, 323. Es- poused the cause of Athanasius against his brother Constantius, iii. 46. Constans II. emperor of Constantinople,
Constantia, princess, grand-daughter of
Constantine the Great, is carried by her mother to the camp of the usurp- er Procopius, iii. 248. Narrowly es- capes falling into the hands of the Quadi, 306. Marries the emperor Gratian, 310.
Constantina, daughter of Constantine the Great, and widow of Hannibalianus, places the diadem on the head of the general Vetranio, ii. 325. Is married to Gallus, 340. Her character, 341. Dies, 345. Constantina, widow of the Eastern em-
peror Maurice, the cruel fate of, and her daughters, v. 449. Constantine the Great, the several opi- nions as to the place of his birth, ii. 4. His history, 5. He is saluted emperor by the British legions on the death of his father, 7. Marries Fausta, the daughter of Maximian, 13. Puts
Maximian to death, 20. General re- view of his administration in Gaul, 22. Undertakes to deliver Rome from the tyranny of Maxentius, 25. Defeats Maxentius, and enters Rome, 33. His alliance with Licinius, 37. De- feats Licinius, 43, 44. Peace conclu- ded with Licinius, 45. His laws, 46. Chastises the Goths, 49. war with Licinius, 50.
Motives which induced him to make Byzantium the capital of his empire, ii. 220. Declares his deter- mination to spring from divine com- mand, 228. Despoils other cities of their ornaments to decorate his new capital, 232. Ceremony of dedicating his new city, 238. Form of civil and military administration established there, 239. Separates the civil from the military administration, 258. Cor- rupted military discipline, 260. His character, 288. Account of his fami- ly, 292. His jealousy of his son Cris. pus, 294. Mysterious deaths of Cris- pus and Licinius, 296. His repentance and acts of atonement inquired into, 297. His sons and nephews, 299. Sends them to superintend the several provinces of the empire, 301. Assists the Sarmatians, and provokes the Goths, 305. Reduces the Goths to peace, 306, His death, 308. Attempt to ascertain the date of his conversion to Christianity, 387. His Pagan su- perstition, 390. Protects the Chris- tians in Gaul, 391. Publishes the edict of Milan, ibid. Motives which recommended the Christians to his fa- vour, 393. Exhorts his subjects to embrace the Christian profession, 397. His famous standard the Labarum described, 400. His celebrated vision previous to his battle with Maxentius, 402. Story of the miraculous cross in the air, 405. His conversion account- ed for, from natural and probable causes, 407. His theological discourses, 409. His devotion and privileges, 410. The delay of his baptism accounted for, 411. Is commemorated as 3 saint by the Greeks, 414. His edict against heretics, iii. 1. Favours the cause of Cæcilian against Donatus, 5. His sensible letter to the bishop of Alexandria, 29. How prevailed on to ratify the Nicene creed, 31. His levi- ty in religion, 32. Granted a tolera- tion to his Pagan subjects, 72. His
reform of Pagan abuses, ibid. Was associated with the Heathen Deities after his death, by a decree of the se- nate, 75. His discovery of the holy sepulchre, 145.
Constantine, publication of his fictitious do- nation to the bishops of Rome, vi. 182. Fabulous interdiction of marriage with strangers, ascribed to him, vii. 25. Constantine II. the son of Constantine the Great, is sent to preside over Gaul, ii. 301. Division of the empire among him and his brothers, on the death of their father, 312. Invades his brother Constans, and is killed, 321. Constantine III. emperor of Constantino- ple, vi. 83.
Constantine IV. Pogonatus, emperor of Constantinople, vi. 86.
Constantine V. Copronymus, emperor of Constantinople, vi. 94. Fates of his five sons, 96. Revolt of Artavasdes, and troubles on account of image wor- ship, 162. Abolishes the monkish order, ibid.
Constantine VI. emperor of Constantino- ple, vi. 97.
Constantine VII. Porphyrogenitus, empe- ror of Constantinople, vi. 114. His cautions against discovering the secret of the Greek fire, 418. Account of his works, vii. 1. Their imperfections pointed out, 3. His account of the ceremonies of the Byzantine court, 23. Justifies the marriage of his son with the princess Bertha of France, 25. Constantine VIII. emperor of Constanti- nople, vi. 115.
Constantine IX. emperor of Constantino- ple, vi. 121.
Constantine X. Monomachus, emperor of Constantinople, vi. 125.
Constantine XI. Ducas, emperor of Con- stantinople, vi. 127.
Constantine Palæologus, the last of the Greek emperors, his reign, viii. 115. Constantine Sylvanus, founder of the Pau- licians, his death, vii. 55.
Constantine, a private soldier in Britain, elected emperor, for the sake of his name, iv. 66. He reduces Gaul and Spain, 67. 145. His reduction and death, 146.
Constantine, general under Belisarius in Italy, his death, v. 177. Constantinople, its situation described,
with the motives which induced Con- stantine the Great to make this city the capital of his empire, ii. 220. Its
local advantages, 226. Its extent, 229. Progress of the work, 231. Principal edifices, 232. How furnish- ed with inhabitants, 235. Privileges granted to it, 237. Its dedication, 238. Review of the new form of civil and military administration esta- blished there, 239. Is allotted to Con- stantine the Younger, in the division of the empire, on the emperor's death, 312. Violent contests there between the rival bishops, Paul and Macedoni- us, iii. 63. Bloody engagement be- tween the Athanasians and Arians on the removal of the body of Constan- tine, 65. Triumphant entry of the emperor Julian, 101. The senate of, allowed the same powers and honours as that at Rome, 113. Arrival of Va- lens, as emperor of the East, 244. Re- volt of Procopius, 245.
Continued the principal seat of the Arian heresy, duuring the reigns of Constantius and Valens, iii. 397. Is purged from Arianism by the empe- ror Theodosius, 401. Council of, 404. Is enriched by the bodies of saints and martyrs, 473. Insurrection against Gainas and his Arian Goths, iv. 181. Persecution of the archbishop, St. Chrysostom, 188. Popular tumults on his account, 189. Earthquake there, 243.
The city and eastern empire dis. tracted by the factions of the circus, v. 56. Foundation of the church of St. Sophia, 84. Other churches erec- ted there by Justinian, 88. Triumph of Belisarius over the Vandals, 140 The walls of, injured by an earthquake, 296. State of the armies, under the emperor Maurice, 442. The armies and city revolt against him, 445. De. liverance of the city from the Persians and Avars, 470. Religious war about the Trisagion, vi. 37. Constantinople, Prospectus of the remain- ing history of the Eastern empire, vi. 77. Summary review of the five dy- nasties of the Greek empire, 149. Tu- mults in the city to oppose the de- struction of images, 162. Abolition of the monkish order by Constantine, ibid. First siege of, by the Saracens, 409. Second siege by the Saracens, 413. Review of the provinces of the Greek empire in the tenth century, vii. 5. Riches of the city of Constantino- ple, 13. The Imperial palace of, 15.
Officers of state, 19. Military cha- racter of the Greeks, 32. The name and character of Romans, supported to the last, 42. Decline, and revival
The city menaced by the Turks, 80. Account of the Va- rangians, 85. Naval expeditions of the Russians against the city, 89.
-, Origin of the separation of the Greek and Latin churches, vii. 300. Massacre of the Latins, 307. Inva- sion of the Greek empire, and conquest of Constantinople by the crusaders, 329. The city taken, and Isaac An- gelus restored, 332. Part of the city burnt by the Latins, 335. Second siege of the city by the Latins, 337. Is pillaged, 340 Account of the sta- tues destroyed, 345. Partition of the Greek empire by the French and Ve- netians, 349. The Greeks rise against their Latin conquerors, 358 The city retaken by the Greeks, 375. The suburb of Galata assigned to the Ge- noese, 444. Hostilities between the Genoese and the emperor, 446. How the city escaped the Moguls, 468. Is besieged by the sultan Amurath II. viii. 37. Is compared with Rome, 93. Is besieged by Mahomet II. sultan of the Turks, 138. Is stormed and taken, 151. Becomes the capital of the Turk- ish empire, 160.
Constantius Chlorus, governor of Dalma-
tia, was intended to be adopted by the emperor Carus, in the room of his vi- cious son Carinus, i. 386. Is associat- ed as Cæsar by Diocletian in his ad- ministration, 398. Assumes the title of Augus.us, on the abdication of Dio- cletian, ii. 2. His death, 7. Granted
a toleration to the Christians, 205. Constantius, the second son of Constan- tine the Great, his education, ii. 300. Is sent to govern the Eastern provinces of the empire, 301. Seizes Constanti- nople on the death of his father, 311. Conspires the deaths of his kinsmen, 312. Division of the empire among him and his brothers, ibid. Restores Chosroes king of Armenia, 316. Bat- tle of Singara with Sapor king of Per- sia, 317. Rejects the offers of Mag- nentius and Vetranio, on the plea of a vision, 325. His oratian to the Illyrian troops at the interview with Vetranio, 327. Defea's Magnentius at the bat- tle of Mursa, 331. His councils go-
verned by eunuchs, 337. Education of his cousins Gallus and Julian, 339. Disgrace and death of Gallus, 344. Sends for Julian to court, 349. Invests him with the title of Cæsar, 351. Vi- sits Rome, 353. Presents an obelisk to that city, 356. The Quadian and Sarmatian wars, ibid. His Persian negotiation, 360. Mismanagement of affairs in the. East, 267. Favours the Arians, iii. 32. His religious charac- ter by Ammianus the historian, 34. His restless endeavours to establish an uniformity of Christian doctrine, 35. Athanasius driven into exile by the council of Antioch, 43. Is intimidated by his brother Constans, and invites Athanasius back again, 45. His se- vere treatment of those bishops who refused to concur in deposing Athana- sius, 50. His scrupulous orthodoxy, 52. His cautious conduct in expelling Athanasius from Alexandria, 53. His strenuous efforts to seize his person, 56. Athanasius writes invectives to expose his character, 59. Is constrain- ed to restore Liberius, bishop of Rome, 62. Supports Macedonius, bishop of Constantinople, and countenances his persecutions of the Catholics and No- vatians, 66. His conduct towards his Pagan subjects, 73. Envies the fame of Julian, 78. Recalls the legions from Gaul, 79. Negociations between him and Julian, 89. His preparations to oppose Julian, 98. His death and cha- racter, 100. Constantius, general, relieves the British emperor Constantine when besieged in Arles, iv. 146. His character and victories, ibib. His marriage with Pla- cidia, and death, iv. 207.
Constantius, secretary to Attila king of the Huns, his matrimonial negocia- tion at the court of Constantinople, iv. 251.
Consul, the office of, explained, i. 73.
Alterations this office underwent under the emperors, and when Constantino- ple became the seat of empire, jii. 242. The office of, suppressed by the empe ror Justinian, v. 109. Is now sunk to a commercial agent, viii. 183. Contracts, the Roman laws respecting, v. 359.
Copts of Egypt, brief history of, vi. 67. Corinth, reviving as a Roman colony,
celebrates the Isthmian games, under
the emperor Julian, iii. 114. The isth- mus of, fortified by the emperor Jus- tinian, v. 92.
Cornwal, reduction of, by the Saxons, iv. 474.
Coronary gold, nature of those offerings
to the Roman emperors, ii 285. Corvinus, Matthias, king of Hungary, his character, viii. 110. Cosmas Indicopleustes, account of his Christian topography, v. 72. note. vi. 56. note.
Cosmo of Medicis, his character, viii. 89. Councils and synods of
Antioch, iii. 43. Arles, iii. 48
Basil, viii. 61. Cæsarea, iii. 41.
Carthage, iv. 401. v. 135. Chalcedon, iv, 188, vi. 29. Clermont, vii. 196. Constance, viii. 57. 61. 246. Constantinople, iii. 404. vi. 45. 49. 159. vii. 305. Ephesus, vi. 20.28. Ferrara, viii. 68. Florence, viii. 69. Frankfort,vi 188. Lyons, iv. 430. vii. 370. 407. Milan, ii. 48.
Nice, iii 20. vi. 186.
Placentia, vii. 194.
Rimini, iii. 28.
Sardica, iii. 45.
Toledo, iv. 413. 416.467. Tyre, iii. 41
Count, great difference between the an- cient and modern application of this title, ii. 259. By whom first invented, ib. Of the sacred largesses, under Con- stantine the Great, his office, 270. Of the domestics in the Eastern empire, his office, 272.
Courtenay, history of the family of, vii. 382.
Crescentius, consul of Rome, his vicissi-
tudes, and disgraceful death, vi. 211. Crete, the isle of, subdued by the Sara- cens, vi. 445. Is recovered by Nice- phorus Phocas, 464. Is purchased by the Venetians, vii. 353. Crimes, how distinguished by the penal laws of the Romans, v. 370. Crispus, son of Constantine the Great, is declared Casar, ii. 45. Distinguishes his valour against the Franks and Ale- manni, 48. Forces the passage of the Hellespont, and defeats the fleet of Li-
cinius, 53. His character, 293. His mysterious death, 295.
Crispus, the Patrician, marries the daugh- ter of Phocas, and contributes to de- pose him, v. 450. Is obliged to turn monk, 452.
Croatia, account of the kingdom of, vii. 70.
Cross, the different sentiments entertain- ed of this instrument of punishment, by the Pagan and Christian Romans, ii. 400. The famous standard of, in the army of Constantine the Great de- scribed, 401. His visions of, 402 405. The holy sepulchre and cross of Christ discovered, iii. 145. The cross of Christ undiminished by distribution to pil- grims, 147.
Crown of thorns, its transfer from Con- stantinople to Paris, vii. 372.
Crowns, mural and obsidional, the distinc- tion between, iii. 199. note. Crusade, the first resolved on at the coun- cil of Clermont, vii. 197. Inquiry intb the justice of the holy war, 199. Exa- mination into the private motives of the crusaders, 204. Departure of the crusaders, 207. Account of the chiefs, 211. Their march to Constantinople, 218. Review of their numbers, 225. They take Nice, 229. Battle of Dory- læum, 230. They take Antioch, 233. Their distresses, 236. Are relieved by the discovery of the holy lance, 238. Siege and Conquest of Jerusalem, 243. Godfrey of Bouillon chosen king of Jerusalem, 247. The second crusade, 258. The crusaders ill-treated by the Greek emperors, 261. The third cru- sade, 281. Siege of Acre, 283. Fourth and fifth crusades, 290. Sixth crusade, 293. Seventh crusade, 297. Recapitu- lation of the fourth crusade, 319. Ge- neral consequences of the crusades, 378.
Ctesiphon, the city of, plundered by the
Romansi. 232. Its situation described, iii. 200. Julian declines the siege of that city, 205. Is sacked by the Sara- cens, vi. 321.
Cublai, emperor of China, his character, vii. 466.
Curopalata, his office under the Greek emperors, vii 19. Customs, duties of, imposed by Augustus, i. 181.
Cycle of indictions, the origin of, tra- ced, and how now employed, ii. 276.
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