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[Add a notion objectively to the verb.] "Henry, anxious to hear from him immediately, wrote a very long letter." [Add another notion to the verb objectively, and another to the substantive attributively.] "His cousin Henry, anxious to hear from him immediately, wrote a very long letter to him."

The SIMPLE SUBJECT is either, 1. A Noun; as, "Cæsar fell;" 2. A Pronoun; as, "He fell;" or any other part of speech used as a noun. See § 478.

The SUBJECT may be ENLARGED:

a. By an adjective; as, "The good man is happy."

b. By a noun in apposition; as, "William the Conqueror reigned."

c. By a participle; as, "William, having died, left the kingdom to his son.

d. By a noun in the possessive case; as, "A father's care protects his child."

e. By a preposition and its case; as, "The love of money is the root of all evil."

f. By any number of words which modify the noun; as, "Socrates, a man of wisdom, beloved by his friends and feared by his enemies, having been condemned by his judges, and having refused submission to them, perished in prison."

g. The subject may be a phrase or a quotation; as, wills it, was Peter's watch-word."

"God

The SIMPLE PREDICATE is, 1. A single verb; as, "Winter comes;" or, 2. A verb with a noun, or adjective, or some equivalent phrase; as, "Man is mortal;" "He fell sick;" "England is an island;" "He is of a sound mind."

The PREDICATE may be ENLARGED, 1. By completing it: a. By a noun in the objective case; as, "Brutus killed Casar."

b. By a noun in the nominative case; as, "Edward became king."

c. By a pronoun; as, "Him the Almighty power hurled headlong."

d. By an adjective; as, "He pitied the wretched."

e. By the infinitive mode; as, "He loved to muse."

f. By a preposition and its case; as, "Pyrrho despaired of

truth."

g. By a double object; as, "He teaches his pupils LOGIC.” See § 486. "He wept his eyes RED." See § 490.

h. By a noun, pronoun, etc., in the objective case, and a preposition, with the word depending on it; as, "The beggar asked me for ALMs."

i. By a phrase or quotation; as, "The king remained true to his word."

2. The PREDICATE can be ENLARGED by extending it:

a. By an adverb or adverbial phrase; as, "Leonidas died bravely."

b. By a preposition, and word or words depending on it; as, "He marched with a large army."

c. By a noun in the objective case; as, "He rides every day." d. By a participle used adverbially; as, "He reads walking." e. By a combination of several of these ways; as, "Upward I looked, with shuddering awe."

f. By adjuncts of TIME; as, "He came yesterday;" "I get up at sunrise," "He wakes early," "He suffered for many years;" "The sea ebbs and flows twice a day;" "He comes

very often."

g. By adjuncts of PLACE; as, "He lives in New York," "He sails to-morrow for America;" "He goes to Boston by railway;" "Civilization travels westward," "Learning came from the East."

h. Adjuncts of MODE OF MANNER; as, "Birds fly quickly;" "She cheerly sings;" "Now in contiguous drops the flood comes down;" "I am exceedingly sorry;" "William Rufus was shot by an arrow;" "They consult with closed doors."

i. Adjuncts of cause and effect: "He perished from hunger;" "With perseverance all things are possible;" "The eye was made for seeing," "Colleges were founded for the encouragement of learning;" "He does it at his peril," "Cloth is made of wool."

A sentence may combine any number of the foregoing extensions, whether of the subject or of the predicate, together. See MORELL'S Analysis, p. 12.

CHAPTER X.

SYNTAX OF COMPOUND SENTENCES.

§ 536. Two simple sentences are connected either by way of CO-ORDINATION or by way of SUBORDINATION, and thus form a COMPOUND SENTENCE.

When two sentences are so related to each other as to form one thought, each, however, being in a measure independent of the other, they are connected by way of Co-ordination; as, "He was ill, and called for a physician;" "Socrates was wise, Plato also was wise." The two sentences taken together constitute a co-ordinate compound sentence.

When two sentences are so related to each other that the one defines and explains the other, and the one is dependent on the other, they are connected in the way of Subordination; as, “He reported that the king died;" "Since the spring has come, the roses bloom." "He reported" is the principal sentence; "that the king died" is the subordinate sentence, which defines the other, and the two taken together constitute a subordinate compound sentence. This compound sentence is sometimes called a complex sentence, to distinguish it from the compound co-ordinate sentence.

CO-ORDINATE SENTENCES.

§ 537. I. COPULATE CO-ORDINATE SENTENCES are those which are connected by the copulative conjunction or their equivalents; "The moon and the stars shine" the moon shines and the stars shine; "He will be there as well as you;" "John will arrive, also James;" "She was not only beautiful, but modest."

as,

II. An ADVERSATIVE CO-ORDINATE SENTENCE is one in which the clauses that are contrasted with each other are united to form one thought. The opposition or contrast is of such a nature that the thought in the co-ordinate clause either merely limits or restrains the thought of the preceding clause, or wholly denies it; as, "He is indeed poor, but brave;" "He is not guilty, but innocent;" "I did indeed welcome him to my house,

but I found that he was a rascal;" "Though He slay me, yet will I trust in Him."

III. A DISJUNCTIVE CO-ORDINATE SENTENCE is one in which the two clauses composing the entire sentence are united in one whole, but one of which excludes the other; as, "The father or the son died;" "Either James or John will be there;" "He was neither pious nor prudent;""Be industrious, otherwise you will come to want;" "Hasten to reform, else you will be ruined;" "Thomas is wiser than John;" "John is as learned as James."

IV. CAUSAL CO-ORDINATE SENTENCES.-Two sentences may be so arranged that the latter may denote a cause or reason on the one hand, or an effort or inference on the other; as, "The mercury has sunk, because (cause) the weather is cold;""The weather is cold, for (reason) the mercury has sunk;" "The land is fertile, therefore (effect) the crops are good;" "The crops are good, therefore (inference) the land is fertile ;" "Wine makes him ill, on that account he drinks water;" "He intends to teach, therefore he learns French."

SUBORDINATE SENTENCES.

§ 538. Subordinate Sentences stand in the place of a Substantive, or of an Adjective, or of an Adverb, and therefore must be regarded as Substantives, or Adjectives, or Adverbs, expanded into a sentence. Accordingly, there are three classes of Subordinate sentences, viz., Substantive sentences, Adjective sentences, and Adverbial sentences.

I. SUBSTANTIVE SENTENCES are Substantives or Infinitives expanded into a sentence, and, like substantives, constitute the Subject, the Attribute, or the Object of a sentence. "He reported the death of the king," when expanded="He reported that the king had died."

1. A Substantive Sentence can be used as the subject of a proposition; as, "That the crops will be large is evident."

2. A Substantive Sentence can be used as the predicate of a proposition; as, "His complaint was, that you deceived him." 3. A Substantive Sentence can be used as the object of a verb; as, "He believes that you injured him."

4. A Substantive Sentence can stand in apposition to a sub

stantive in the principal sentence, whether in the nominative or objective case; as, "It is strange that you should think so." Here the sentence that you think so is in apposition to it, i. e., this thing.

5. The word that, used in these four instances, also serves to connect subordinate sentences which express a purpose; as, “I have come that I may see it with my own eyes;" and also sentences that express an effect or consequence; as, "The noise was such that I could not hear a word."

II. ADJECTIVE SENTENCES are Adjectives or Participles expanded into a sentence, and, like adjectives, they express a more exact definition of a Substantive or substantive Pronoun. They are usually introduced by relative pronouns; as, "A person who is ignorant of his own language=[a person ignorant of his own language] ought not to attempt to teach it;""The trees which I planted=[the trees planted by me] are flourishing." The adjective ignorant may be regarded as expanded into who is ignorant. Adjective sentences are called COMPLEX.

III. ADVERBIAL SENTENCES are Adverbs, Participles, or Substantives used adverbially, expanded into sentences, and, like adverbs, denote an adverbial object, i. e., such an object as does not complete the idea of the predicate, but merely defines it. Hence they express a more full explanation of the Place, Time, Reason, Manner.

1. Relation of Place; as, "He is not there, where you expected to meet him;" "Whithersoever I go, I will remember you;" "I know not whence he came."

2. Relation of Time; as, "When any body asked him, he would not give an answer;" "While he was traveling, he received the intelligence."

3. Relation of Cause or Reason; as, "He is not liked, because he is presumptuous;" "The gentleman being introduced to me, I addressed him in English;" "He stays at home, as he expects a visit."

4. Conditional adverbial sentences are such as express a condition, and are introduced by the hypothetical conjunction if, or some equivalent; as, "I shall continue the work if I can." "Prove that to me, and I shall be satisfied." Here "prove that to me" is equivalent to "if you will prove that to me." The

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