friends were present;" "It neither improves the understanding nor delights the heart."

Note X.-The pronominal adjective ALL sometimes beautifully supplies the place of the copulative conjunction; as,

"All heart they live, all head, all eye, all ear,

All intellect, all sense."-Paradise Lost.

EXERCISES IN THE SYNTAX OF

CONJUNCTIONS.

RULE XL.-a. This rock soon became hallowed in the esteem of the Pilgrims, and these hills grateful to their sight. C. S. b. I shall visit him this summer because he desires it. C. S. c. The day is pleasant because the sun shines. The day will be pleasant if the sun shine. C. S.

Note I.—That we may fully understand the subject, let us consider the following propositions. C. S.

Note II.-a. A king or queen always rules in England. C. S. b. The syntactical division of the parts of speech may be traced to the first beginnings of dialectic or logic, in other words, to Plato. The formation of a system of logic is, in fact, simply a discovery of the principles of syntax, or of the formation of sentences. C. S.

Note III.-a.

b.

Nor pain, nor grief, nor anxious fear

Invade thy bounds. C. S.

Oh! struggling with the darkness of the night,
And visited all night with troops of stars,

Or when they climb the sky, or when they sink. C. S.

Note IV.-I can not say if he was here, for I was absent.

Note V.-a. This elegant rose, had I shaken it less,

Might have bloomed with its owner a while. C. S.

C.S.

b. Reason holds, as it were, the balance between the passive and the active powers of the mind. C. S.

Note VI.-a. Though He slay me, yet will I trust in Him. C. S.

b. Whether he will publish his work or not is uncertain. C. S. Note VII.-Pope does not show so much genius as Dryden in his works, but more finish. C. S.

Note VIII. And, behold, it was no other than he. C. S. Note IX.-a. Neither flattery nor threats could prevail. C. S. b. Corn is not separated but by thrashing, nor men from

worldly employments but by tribulation.-BURTON. Nor is in this case used without its correspondent conjunction neither. Tell him all terms, all commerce I decline;

Note X.

Nor share his council, nor his battle join. C. S.

INTERJECTIONS.

§ 529. RULE XLI.-Certain INTERJECTIONS are joined with the objective case of the pronoun of the first person, and with the nominative of the pronoun of the second; as, "Ah me!" "Oh thou!" Oh or O, in some cases, seems to stand instead of a subject and verb; as,

"O! that the rosebud which graces yon island

Were wreathed in a garland around him to twine." "Oh that those lips had language! life has passed With me but roughly since I saw thee last."

ELLIPSIS.

§ 530. ELLIPSIS is the omission of some word or words necessary to the full construction of a sentence. It has also been called a defective mode of expression, substituted for, and originating in, one more perfect. See § 480.

This figure is very common in the language, and often serves to avoid disagreeable repetition. When the ellipsis would obscure the sentence or weaken its force, it should not be admitted. No very definite rules can be given.

1. These counsels were the dictates of virtue and the dictates of true honor. F. S. The second dictates should be omitted. 2. A taste for useful knowledge will provide for us a great and noble entertainment, when others leave us. F. S. It should be other entertainments.

3. Without firmness, nothing that is great can be undertaken, that is difficult can be accomplished. F. S.

ELLIPSIS OF THE ADJECTIVE.

1. That species of commerce will produce great gain or loss. F. S.

2. His crimes had brought him into extreme distress and extreme perplexity. F. S.

3. The people of this country possess a healthy climate and soil. F. S.

1. The more I see of his conduct, I like him better. F. S. 2. The gay and the pleasing are sometimes the most insidi ous and the most dangerous companions. F. S.

ELLIPSIS OF THE PRONOUN.

1. I gladly shunned who gladly fled from me. F. S. 2. His reputation and his estate were both lost by gaming. F. S.

3. In the circumstances I was at that time, my troubles pressed heavily on me. F. S.

ELLIPSIS OF THE VERB.

1. The sacrifices of virtue will not only be rewarded hereafter, but recompensed even in this life. F. S.

2. Genuine virtue supposes our benevolence to be strengthened and to be confirmed by principle. F. S.

3. All those possessed of any office resigned their former commission. F. S.

ELLIPSIS OF THE ADVER B.

1. The temper of him who is always in the bustle of the world will be often ruffled and often disturbed. F. S.

2. We often commend imprudently as well as censure imprudently. F. S.

ELLIPSIS OF THE PREPOSITION.

1. Censure is a tax which a man pays the public for being eminent. F.S.

2. Reflect on the state of human life, and the society of men as mixed with good and with evil. F. S.

1. No rank, station, dignity of birth, possessions, exempt men from contributing their share to public utility. F. S.

2. Destitute of principle, he regarded neither his family, nor his friends, nor his reputation. F. S.

PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES

OF FALSE SYNTAX.

The pupil is expected to make the corrections and give the Rules.

1. Neither death nor torture were sufficient to subdue the minds of Cargill and his intrepid followers.

2. Out of my doors, you wretch! you hag!-Merry Wives of Windsor. Supply the ellipsis.

3. Believe me, the providence of God has established such an order in the world, that, of all that belongs to us, the least valuable parts can alone fall under the will of others.—BOLINGBROKE. What word will you substitute for alone, and where in the sentence will you place it?

4. The earth is so samely, that your eyes turn toward heaven-toward heaven, I mean, in the sense of sky. Give the rule for forming adverbs from adjectives.

5.

We must not make a scarecrow of the law,

Setting it up to fear the birds of prey.-SHAKSPEARE.

I were flayed of flaying them=I was afraid of frightening them. To fear, in the first example, and flaying, in the last, which is provincial, are examples of verbs used in a causative sense.

6. From what we can learn, it is probable that apples will be so plenty the coming fall, that the inferior sorts will not be gathered at all. What word will you substitute for plenty, and why?

7. He that cometh unto me I will in no wise cast out.

8. He is always master of the subject, and seems to play himself with it.

9. We enter, as it were, into his body, and become in some measure him.

10.

One more unfortunate,

Weary of breath;

Rashly importunate,

Gone to her death.-Hoon. Supply the ellipses.

11. Passengers are forbidden standing on the platform of the

cars.

How is standing parsed?

12. There are but few that know how to conduct them under vehement affections of any kind.-President EDWARDS. What will you substitute for them?

13. It is more than a twelvemonth since an evening lecture Name the section in which such ex

was set up in this town.
pressions as twelvemonth are mentioned?

14. Either, said I, you did not know the way well, or you did; if the former, it was dishonest in you to undertake to guide me; if the latter, you have willfully led me miles out of my way.-W. COBBETT. How do you parse former and latter?

15. You are a much greater loser than me by his death.

16. Christ, and him crucified, is the head, and the only head of the Church.

17. I do not suppose that we Britons want genius more than the rest of our neighbors.

18. The first proposal was entirely different and inferior to the second.

19. Read, for instance, Junius' address, commonly called his letter to the king.

20. To the happiness of possessing a person of such uncommon merit, Charles soon had the satisfaction of obtaining the highest honor his country could bestow. Soon united the sat

isfaction, &c.

21. He that cometh unto me I will in no wise cast out.

22. He is the man I want.

What ellipsis is here?

23. Whom he would he slew.

How do you parse whom?

24.

Forthwith on all sides to his aid, was run
By angels many and strong.-Paradise Lost, 6.

How do you parse was run? Is it used impersonally?

25. The youth and inexperience of the prince, he was only fifteen years of age, declined a perilous encounter. Is he not used instead of the relative? In old writers, he, she, and it are used instead of relatives.

26. Who would have thought of your presiding at the meeting. 27. There is a house to let in the next street. See § 511. 28. If I open my eyes on the light, I can not choose but see. What is there that is peculiar in this sentence?

29. The spread of education set the people a thinking and reasoning. How do you parse a?

30. What is religion? Not a foreign inhabitant, not something alien in its nature, which comes and takes up its abode in

R R