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Note X.-The preposition ro is made use of before nouns of place, when they follow verbs and participles of motion; as, "I went to London ;" but the preposition AT is generally used after the verb to be; as, "I have been at Amherst." The preposition IN is set before the names of countries, cities, and large towns; as, "He lives in France." In the Devonshire dialect, "He lives to Exmouth" is used instead of "at Exmouth." Note XI. Two prepositions in some cases come together; as, "From under the ship;"

"From before the lustre of her face, White break the clouds away."

Note XII.-Prepositions are elliptically construed with certain adjectives; as, "In vain," "in secret;" and also with certain adverbs; as, "At once." These are called adverbial phrases.

Note XIII.-Prepositions sometimes form compound verbs by being joined with Intransitive verbs, and also with verbs in the passive voice; as, "She smiled at him;" "A bitter persecution was carried on.”

Note XIV. In some cases the preposition is advantageously repeated; as, "In journeyings often, in perils of waters, in perils of robbers, in perils of mine own countrymen, in perils by the heathen, in perils in the city, in perils on the sea, in perils among false brethren, in weariness and painfulness, in watchings often, in hunger and thirst, in cold and nakedness.”

Note XV.—It is a general rule that Greek, Latin, and French derivatives are followed by a preposition corresponding with that which is in composition; as, "To sympathize with;" "to expel from," "to adapt to." To this rule there are many exceptions; as, "We submit to;" "we prefer to;" "aversion to," not aversion from.

Note XVI. The following examples of the improper use of prepositions, with corrections, are from MURRAY's Grammar, p. 189:

"He was resolved of going to the Persian court;"" on going," &c.

&c.

"He found the greatest difficulty of writing;" "in writing,"

"The English were a very different people then to what they are now;" "from what," &c.

"It is more than they thought for;" "thought of."

"The history of Peter is agreeable with the sacred texts;" "agreeable to," &c.

"He was made much on at Argos;" "much of," &c.

"Neither of them shall make me swerve out of the path;" "from the path."

"In compliance to (with) your request."

"The rain has been falling of a long time;" "falling a long time."

"He was eager of recommending it to his fellow-citizens ;" "in recommending," &c.

"You have bestowed your favors to the most deserving persons;" "upon the most deserving persons."

"The history of Peter is agreeable with the sacred texts;" "to the sacred texts."

"If policy can prevail upon force;" "over force."

"The variety of factions into which we are still engaged;" "in which."

"The wisest princes need not think it any diminution to their greatness, or derogation to their sufficiency to rely upon counsel;" "diminution of" and "derogation from."

"A strict observance after times and fashions;" "of times." "Ye blind guides, which strain at a gnat and swallow a camel;" "which strain out a gnat."

THE

COLLOCATION OF

PREPOSITIONS.

§ 527. The general rule is, that the preposition shall precede the substantive which it governs. To this rule there are exceptions. For though, in construction, it precedes the noun or pronoun dependent on it, yet in its position in the sentence it may be far separated from it, as in Note III., or even follow it.

EXERCISES

IN THE SYNTAX OF PREPOSITIONS.

RULE XXXIX.-a. He came from Switzerland, through France, over to England, and stayed some months among us. C. S.

b. Between you and I, there is much mischief in that plan. F. S.

c. Does that boy know who he speaks to? Who does he offer such language to? F. S.

d. He had not long enjoyed repose before he began to be weary of having nothing to do. C. S.

Note I.-The success was very great of that enterprise. F. S. Note II-a. He was related to, and governed by, the same. person. F. S.

b. He was refused admission into and forcibly driven from his home. F. S.

Note III. The man whom I bought that horse of is not honest.

Note IV-a. When at the store will you get me some paper? C. S.

b. I shall be in Boston next month.

C. S.

Note V.—a. This pen which I have just bought is not fit to write with. C. S.

b. When we look around we see abundant proofs of the goodness of God. C. S.

Note VI. This doctrine is every where spoken against. C. S. Note VII.-There are ultras on both sides. C.S. Ultra is

a Latin preposition.

Note VIII-After waiting a long time, we gave over looking for them. C. S.

Note IX.

Like the dew on the mountain,

Like the foam on the river,

Like the bubble on the fountain,

Thou art gone, and forever.”—SCOTT. C. S.

Note X.-In his journey he went to New York, but is now in Philadelphia. C. S.

Note XI. With noise like the sound of distant thunder,

Roaring, they rushed from the black clouds under. C. S. Note XII. In vain; in earnest; in secret; in public. C. S. Note XIII.-In that club the Christian religion was scoffed at. C. S.

Note XIV. In their dress, their table, their houses, their furniture, the favorites of fortune united every refinement of convenience, of elegance, and of splendor. C. S.

Note XV. To comply with; to adapt to; to compare with. C. S.

Note XVI.-You have bestowed your favors to the most deserving persons. F. S.

CHAPTER VIII.

SYNTAX OF CONJUNCTIONS.

§ 528. RULE XL.-CONJUNCTIONS connect propositions, sentences, or single words; as, "He is wise and she is virtuous;" "Honor your parents if you wish for happiness in life;" "William and Mary are a happy pair.”

A careful analysis of the power of the conjunction goes far toward proving that it is a part of speech serving to show the particular mode in which one sentence is connected with another sentence; while single words are connected by prepositions, and not by conjunctions. See § 375. For the relations which conjunctions bear to the subjunctive mode, see § 518.

Note I.-The conjunction THAT serves to introduce a sentence; as, "That he should have missed his way is not strange." Note II.-Disjunctives (OR, NOR) are of two sorts, real and nominal. A king or queen always rules in England. Here the Disjunction is real, king and queen being different names for different objects. In all real Disjunctions, the inference is, that if one out of two (or more) individuals (or classes) do not perform a certain action, the other does.

A Sovereign or Supreme governor always rules in England. Here the Disjunction is nominal, sovereign and supreme governor being different names for the same object. In all nominal Disjunctives, the inference is, that if an agent (or agents) do not perform a certain action under one name, he does (or they do) it under another.-LATHAM.

Note III.-In poetry, NOR and OR are frequently substituted for either and neither; thus:

"Nor Simois,

Nor rapid Xanthus' celebrated flood."-ADDISON.

"Or by the lazy Scheldt or wandering Po."-GOLDSMITH.

Note IV.-Ir is sometimes employed for whether; as, "He doubts if two and two make four."

Note V.-The conjunction is often omitted; as, "Were there

no difference there would be no choice," i. e., "if there were." See 518.

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Note VI. Some conjunctions have their corresponding conjunctions, so that in the subsequent member of the sentence the latter conjunction answers to the former; as,

1. THOUGH- YET, NEVERTHELESS; as, "Though deep, yet clear; though gentle, yet not dull.".

2. WHETHER-OR; as, "Whether he will go or not, I can not

tell."

3. EITHER OR; as, "I will either send it or bring it myself." 4. Neither-NOR; as, "Neither thou nor I am able to compass it."

5. As as; expressing a comparison; as, "He is as good as she."

Note VII.-In like manner, certain conjunctions correspond with certain adverbs:

1. As so; expressing a comparison; as, "As he excels in virtue, so he rises in estimation;" "As the stars, so shall thy seed be."

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2. So-As; "To see thy glory so as I have seen Thee in the sanctuary;" "Pompey was not so great a man as Cæsar." 3. SO THAT; expressing a consequence; as, "He was so fatigued that he could scarcely move."

4. RATHER THAN; as, "He would consent rather than suffer."

5. NOT ONLY-BUT ALSO; as, "He was not only prudent, but he was also industrious."

Note VIII.-In like manner, certain conjunctions correspond with certain adjectives; as,

1. OTHER THAN; "Were it any other than he, I would not submit;" "He is greater than I."

2. SAME AS; "Your paper is of the same quality as this." 3. SUCH AS; "I will give you such pens as I have."

4. SUCH THAT; "His diligence was such that his friends. were confident of success."

5. Comparatives generally are followed by THAN; as, “He is greater than I."

Note IX. NEITHER, NOR, and EITHER, OR, should be placed next the words to which they refer; as, "Neither he nor his

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