c. Penn, despairing of relief in Europe, bent the whole energy of his mind to accomplish the establishment of a free government in the New World.-BANCROFT. C. S.

d. Brutus was, from his youth up, a student of philosophy, and well versed in the systems of the Greeks. C. S.

e. Them are the books imported for the Astor Library. F. S.

f.

The nations not so bless'd as thee

Must, in their turn, to tyrants fall;

While thou shalt flourish great and free,

The dread and envy of them all.-THOMSON. F.S.

Note I.—a. At length, the Russians being masters of the field of battle, our troops retired, the uproar ceased, and a mournful silence ensued. C. S.

b. Shame being lost, all virtue is lost. C. S.

c. The atmosphere's being clear, and my sight good, I beheld the ship in the far distance approaching. F. S.

d. Him being on deck, we gave three cheers to the good ship. F. S.

e. There being many other passages relative to the subject, he refuses to make a premature decision.

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Note II.-a. O Faithful Love, by poverty embraced!

Thy heart is fire, amid a wintry waste;

Thy joys are roses, born on Hecla's brow;

Thy home is Eden, warm amid the snow.-ELLIOTT. C. S.

b. O full of all subtlety and mischief, thee child of the devil. F. S.

Note III-a. My friends, do they now and then send a wish or a thought after me?-CowPER. C. S.

b. And the souls of thine enemies; them shall he sling as out of the middle of a sling. C. S.

Note IV-A sail! a sail! How speaks the telescope? C. S. Note V.-The Royal Exchange. The Duke of Wellington.

C. S.

Note VI.

Thus Satan; and him thus the Anarch old,
With faltering speech, and visage incomposed,
Answered.-MILTON. C. S.

Note VII.-a. Who invented the safety-lamp? Sir Humphrey Davy.

b. Who discovered America? Columbus.

Here let the pupils bring forward examples which they have selected to illustrate the rule and notes.

§ 483. RULE II.-A Noun used to limit another noun by denoting POSSESSION OF ORIGIN is put in the Possessive Case; as, "Washington's prudence saved his country." "Solomon's

Temple was for generations the glory of Palestine."

In the last example, Temple denotes any temple; Solomon's limits it to the particular one which Solomon built. So in the first example, the noun prudence is limited by the noun Washington's.

Note I. The limited Substantive is frequently omitted, that is, understood, when no mistake can arise; as, "Let us go to St. Paul's," that is, church. "Nor think a lover's are but fancied woes;" that is, a lover's woes. In these cases there is an ellipsis of the governing word. See figures of Syntax. In Latin, ad Dianæ ad ædem Dianæ.

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Note II. When the thing possessed is the common property of two or more possessors, the sign of the possessive is suffixed only to the last noun; as, "John, Thomas, and James's house;" that is, a house of which the joint ownership is vested in these three persons.

Note III-But when the thing possessed is the individual and separate property of two or more possessors, the sign of the possessive is suffixed to each noun; as, "He has the surgeon's and the physician's opinion;" that is, he has the opinion of the surgeon, and the opinion of the physician, and these opinions may differ the one from the other.

"For thou art Freedom's now, and Fame's;

One of the few, the immortal names

That were not born to die."-HALLECK.

Note IV. The possessive case may sometimes be resolved into the Objective with the preposition of; as, "Napoleon's army" may be changed into "the army of Napoleon." This

is an instance of Grammatical equivalents. Napoleon's army =the army of Napoleon.

But though the Saxon or English Genitive is often convertible into what has been called the Norman or the Analytic Genitive, yet in some cases it can not be. Thus, "the Lord's day" is the Christian Sabbath; "the day of the Lord" is the day of Judgment. When the general relation of simple possession is intended, either may be used. But when the one substantive denotes merely the substance or matter, or some quality or thing characteristic of the other, the Norman form is used; as, "A crown of gold;" "a man of wisdom." These are not convertible into the English Genitive. "Cloth of wool" can not be converted into "wool's cloth;" nor "a cup of water" into "water's cup," nor the "idea of an angel" into "an angel's idea."

Note V. When the thing possessed is only one of a number belonging to the possessor, both the possessive case and of are used; as, "A friend of his brother's," implying that his brother has more friends than one; "the picture of my friend's," sig nifying that it is one of several belonging to him. For these we have the Grammatical equivalents: "one of his brother's friends;" "this is one of his friend's pictures." "This picture of my friend" suggests a different meaning, namely, a likeness of my friend. The form indicated by this rule has been called the double possessive.

Note VI.-A Noun depending upon a Participle used as a noun, is put in the possessive case; as, "He was averse to the nation's involving itself in war ;" "the time of William's making the experiment at length arrived." Here involving in the one case, and making in the other, are used as nouns, and are governed by the prepositions to and of.

Note VII.-Sometimes two or three words in a state of Government may be dealt with as a single word in the possessive; as, "The King of Saxony's army." In this expression three things are evident: 1. That the army is spoken of as belonging not to the country Saxony, but to the King of that country. 2. That the sign of the possessive naturally comes after the word King; as, "The King's army." 3. That, as the expression stands, the army appears to be spoken of as belonging to Saxony. Yet this is not the fact. The truth is, that the whole ex

pression is dealt with as a single word. So we say "Little and Brown's book-seller's shop."

Note VIII. The possessive case, like the adjective, belongs to the Attributive combination, and is often a Grammatical equivalent to the adjective. The King's cause the Royal cause. Cæsar's party the Cæsarean party. So closely connected in force is the possessive case with the adjective, that some grammarians call it an adjective.

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Note IX.-Ambiguous expressions like the following should be avoided, when it can be done. Thus, the love of God may mean, objectively, "our love to him;" or, subjectively, "his love to us." The injuries of the Helvetii=the injuries done by them, subjectively, or the injuries done to them, objectively. "The reformation of Luther" denotes either the change on others, the object, or the change on himself, the subject. "The reformation by Luther, or in Luther," removes the ambiguity. The connection will sometimes explain the meaning of such expressions.

Note X.-The frequent recurrence either of the Analytic possessive or of the Inflective possessive should be avoided. See Exercises.

Note XI.-When the first noun ends in s, the is often annexed to the apostrophe in prose, but frequently omitted in poetry; as, "James's book;" "Miss's shoes;" "Achilles' wrath to Greece the direful spring."

Note XII-The s after the apostrophe is omitted when the first noun has the sound of s in each of the last two syllables, and the second noun begins with that of s; as, For righteousness' sake; for conscience' sake. When the second noun does not begin with s, the practice is various; as, "But we are Moses' disciples," John, ix., 28. "Again, such is his (Falstaff's) deliberate exaggeration of his own vices, that it does not seem quite certain whether the account of his hostess's bill found in his pocket, with such an out-of-the-way charge for capons and sack, with only a halfpenny worth of bread, was not put there by himself as a trick to humor the jest upon his favorite propensities, and as a conscious caricature upon himself.”—Hazlitt's Lectures.

COLLOCATION.

§ 484. In the present English, the Genitive or Possessive case always precedes the noun which it limits; as, The man's hat= hominis pileus; never the hat man's pileus hominis.

ATTRIBUTIVE RELATION OF THE GENITIVE CASE.

§ 485. A substantive in the possessive case, or under the government of the preposition of, is said, when it is in the genitive relation, to be joined to a substantive attributively. The different kinds of attributive genitive relations are,

1. The relation of the active subject or agent to an action or effect: "The course of the sun;" "Solomon's temple" the temple built by Solomon; "the march of an army."

2. The relation of possessor to the thing possessed: "The king's crown;" "the boy's hat;" "the garden of the poet.” 3. The mutual relation of one person to another: "The boy's Father" "a man's Friend."

4. The relation of a whole to its parts: "The top of a tree;" "the wheels of a carriage." This relation is also called that of the partitive genitive.

5. The relation of a quality to a person or thing: "A ring of gold;" "a man of honor." The genitive formed by inflection, or the Saxon Genitive, is generally used to express the relation of the possessor, and sometimes to express the relation of the agent to an action and the mutual relation of persons. The analytic genitive, or the Norman Genitive, as it is sometimes called, is almost always used to express the relation of quality.

EXERCISES UNDER RULE II.

THE POSSESSIVE CASE.

RULE II.—a. Man's extremity is God's opportunity. C. S. Thy forest, Windsor, and thy green retreats,

b.

At once the monarch's and the Muse's seats,
Invite my lays.-POPE. C. S.

c. A letter on his father's table, the next morning, announced that he had accepted a commission in a regiment about to embark for Portugal.-CHARLES LAMB. C. S.

d. Gray hairs are death's blossoms. C. S.