orders, followed me in quick time; the two cohorts of Colonel Sacchi came after them. Sacchi immediately sent a company to reconnoitre the places; but when arrived at the second bastion it was constrained, from the numbers of the French, to retreat into the Casa Gabrielli.

The terrible news was already spread through the city. The triumvirate being informed of it, ordered the tocsin to be sounded; on that being heard, every house seemed to cast forth its inhabitants, in an instant the streets were filled with people. The General-inChief, Rosselli, the Minister of-War, all the staff, and Mazzini himself hastened to the Janiculo. The people in arms surrounded us, and demanded to be led to drive the French from the walls. General Rosselli, and the Minister-of-War were of opinion that that should be attempted, but I protested against it. I dreaded the confusion such a multitude would throw into our ranks, the irregularity of the movements, and the panics so common at night among people not accustomed to fire arms, and even, as we have seen in the night of the tenth, sometimes among people who are accustomed to them.

I insisted, therefore, upon their waiting till morning. In the morning they would see what enemy they had to deal with, even if that enemy were treachery. When daylight broke, all my division was ready, reinforced by the regiments which General Rosselli placed at my disposal. The company of the Lombard students, which formed part of the Medici legion, was the vanguard. The Medici legion itself had received orders to join us. The cannon of our batteries, turned upon the occupied bastions, were directed at once from St. Peter in Montorio, from the bastion No. 8, and from St. Alexis. The Lombard students marched first to the assault; although thundered upon by the French artillery, they rushed with the bayonet upon the grand guard and the pioneers, whom they forced to concentrate themselves in the Casino Barberini.

The brave young men were already on the open ground near the Casino; but I had just learnt what forces we had to deal with. I saw that a second 3rd of June was about to deprive me of half of the men whom I loved as my own children. I had not the least hope of dislodging the French from their position: I was about to command a useless butchery. Rome was lost, but it was lost after a wonderful, a splendid defence. The fall of Rome after such a siege was a triumph for democracy to all time.

*

Then remained the idea that I was preserving four or five thousand devoted defenders of their country, who knew me, whom I knew, and who would answer to my first summons. I gave the order for retreat, appointing the hour of five in the evening for another assault, which I no more meant to give than I had given the first. The students behaved admirably; I will only quote one example. A painter, the Milanese, Tudusio, was reported pierced with twenty-seven bayonet thrusts. Bertani saved him, and he is now wonderfully well.

For my part, all was lost, for the time at least ; not from the moment when the French were masters of our breaches, but from the moment when the party which elevated the Roman republic to the French constituency was conquered. Suppose that by sacrificing a thousand brave men I had driven the French from their positions, as I had driven them on the 3rd of June from their positions of the Villa Corsini and the Villa Valentini. As on the 3rd of June, they would have retaken, by means of fresh troops, the positions from which I had driven them. And in this case I had not the same reason for holding out. If the Villa Corsini had remained in our hands, it would have hindered the works of approach. But when once the works of approach were executed, when once the

The campaign of 1859, and the expedition to Sicily, prove that Garibaldi was not mistaken.

breaches were made, what could prevent the taking of Rome?

NOTHING.

Before the news of the flight of Ledru Rollin and the democratic party to England, every day which I prolonged the existence of Rome was a day of hope. After receiving that news, resistance was nothing but useless despair; and I conceived that the Romans had done too much in the face of the world to stand in need of having recourse to despair. The coalesced powers had enclosed the Roman republic, that is to say, all the democracy of the Peninsula, within the old walls of Aurelian. We had nothing more to do but to break through the circle, and carry, as Scipio did, the war into Carthage. Now, our Carthage is Naples; it is there that I hope some day despotism and I shall again meet face to face. May that day be near!

CHAPTER LVIII.

THE END.

Ir is true we were surprised, but not yet conquered. At a distance of two hundred paces behind the walls stands the ancient Aurelian enclosure. I ordered it to be fortified as well as possible. I had laid aside the idea of an assault, but I was not a bit the less disposed to dispute the ground, foot by foot. A battery of seven pieces was placed upon the bastion No. 8, sheltered by our works from the fire of the French. It began to act on the morning of the 23rd, and, seconded by the batteries St. Alexis and St. Peter in Montorio, they crossed their fires in such a manner upon the breach, that the French were forced to abandon their works. The French engineer officers, being scarcely masters of the breach, endeavoured to establish a battery of cannons upon curtains six and seven, -it was our business to prevent this establishment.

Thence the incredible efforts of the French-thence our obstinate opposition.

In the night of the 23rd, the French established their batteries. On the morning of the 24th, they were soon so injured by our cannon that they were forced to close their murderous mouths. They then formed the plan of raising two new batteries upon the bastions 6 and 7, from which they might extend the battery of St. Peter in Montorio, defended by my legion. In the mean while General Oudinot, to show, as he had said in one of his bulletins, in what reverence he held the City of Monuments, from the 21st, ordered bombs to be launched upon all the quarters of the city. It was particularly during the night that he employed this means of exciting terror. Many fell upon the Transtiberian quarter, many upon the Capitol, some upon the Quirinal, upon the Place d'Espagne, in the Corso. One of these bombs fell upon the little temple which covers the Hercules of Canova, but the cupola, fortunately, was strong enough to repel it. Another

burst in the Spada palace, and damaged the famous fresco of the Aurora of Guido Reni. Another, more impious still, broke the capital of a column of the marvellous little temple of Virile Fortune, a masterpiece respected by ages. The triumvirate offered the families of the people whose houses were destroyed, an asylum in the Corsini Palace.

The conduct of the Roman people during these days of trial was worthy of ancient times. Whilst during the night, pursued by the showers of projectiles which crushed in the roofs of their houses, mothers flew from one place to another, pressing their children to their breasts; whilst the streets resounded with cries and lamentations, not a single voice spoke of surrendering. In the midst of all these cries, one jeering cry was frequently heard when a ball or an obus brought down the side of a house :

"A Benediction from the Pope!"

The marvellous fire of our cannon during the days of the 25th, 26th and 27th of June silenced the batteries raised by the French upon the curtain and upon the bastions they occupied; but two French batteries, the one placed upon the bastion No. 6, and the other outside the walls, opened their fire against our batteries of St. Sabiné and St. Alexis. In addition to these, two other batteries, placed, the one upon the curtain and the other upon the bastion No. 7, opened their fire in their turn against our battery of St. Peter in Montorio. A fifth breach battery, placed at the foot of the bastion No. 7, consequently, sheltered from our fire, opened upon us, On the flank of the bastion No. 8, a sixth battery, placed in front of the church of St. Pancrazio, lashed the battery No. 8, and my ex-head quarters, the Villa Saverelli. To complete the chain, a seventh battery, placed before the Villa Corsini, thundered at once against the St. Pancrazio gate, against the Villa Saverelli, and against the Aurelian wall. I never beheld such a tempest of flame! such a torrent of mitrailles! Our few cannon were, in a a manner, stifled by it. And yet, I can but say it, to the great honour of Medici, the Vascello and the Cassini were still in our hands.

The siege of Vascello alone would merit a historian. During the evening of the 28th the French batteries appeared to rest for an instant as if to take breath, but on the day of the 29th they resumed their fire with fresh rage. Rome was intensely agitated; the day of the 27th had been terrible; our losses had been almost equal to those of the 3rd of June; the streets were choked with mutilated men. The sappers had no sooner taken the spade or the pickaxe in their hand than they were cut in two by balls or mutilated by obus. All our artillerymen-observe, reader! all-had been killed at their guns: the duty of the artillery was performed by soldiers of the line. All the nocturnal guard being under arms, there was, a thing before unheard of, a reserve composed of the wounded, who,

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