and lacerations, with the application of pepper, mustard, salt, vinegar, &c., to the bleeding gashes; also maimings, cat-haulings, burnings, and other tortures......These descriptions of Mr. Bourne were at that time thought by multitudes incredible, and probably even by some abolitionists, who had never given much reflection to the subject. We are happy to furnish the reader with the following TESTIMONY OF A VIRGINIA SLAVE-HOLDER to the accuracy of Mr. Bourne's delineations..... Lindley Coates, of Lancaster Co. Pa., a well-known member of the late Pennyslvania Convention for revising the constitution of the State, in a letter now before us, describing a recent interview between him and Mr. Hansborough [the owner of sixty slaves] of several days continuance, says, I handed him Bourne's Picture of Slavery to read. After reading it, he said, that all the sufferings of slaves therein related were true delineations, and that he had seen all those modes of torture himself."*

The indulgence of the licentious and vindictive passions towards slaves necessarily occasions a general absence of selfcontrol, which develops itself in duels, murders, and many other atrocities. Of these we have many examples in Mr. Buckingham's work. But as murders are much the same every where, and as our readers have quite sufficient in the Old World to gratify their appetite for the horrible, we shall not indulge them with any extracts on this point, but merely remark that the murders and duels of the slave states are, in two respects, different from those of the Old World; they are more frequentvery much more frequent, and they are in many cases unpunished by the law, and scarcely censured by the public.

Mr. Buckingham thus sums up :

"During my stay in the country, all I have yet seen has tended to confirm me in the opinion that slavery, as a system, by its influence on those brought up surrounded by it, produces these two effects: first -it indisposes men who are free, to use any kind of labour which can be done by slaves; and leads them to devise means of avoiding regular and laborious occupations, by entering into reckless and extravagant speculations. Secondly-it furnishes constant temptation and opportunity for the indulgence of the passions; it begets a taste for extravagance and a love of display, as the means of assuming and exhibiting a superiority of condition, and exacting the homage paid to supposed wealth. Thirdly-it trains the free child in the constant exercise of arbitrary power over his little slave-companions; it makes him impatient of contradiction from any source, as he is always accustomed to command; and it engenders such a habit of quick resentment and instant retaliation for any injury, real or supposed, by the frequent opportunities of its indulgence on unresisting and helpless slaves, that at length it forms a part of the individual's nature, and can neither be conquered nor restrained." (Vol. i., pp. 553, 554).

"Slavery and the Internal Slave Trade," p. 137.

The disregard to the feelings of others, produced by slavery and the internal slave trade, is more enormous and horrible than one could imagine. This must necessarily be the case, where, in addition to all the irreparable outrages of slavery, it becomes the practice, in places where there is a sufficient quantity of labourers, to rear slaves for the market and sell them for profit, just as we do cattle, without the slightest attention to their own feelings, separating the most sacred ties of nature without compunction or even thought. And the evil of this, both to master and slave, is greatly enhanced by the fact--that this separation may be effected at any moment, and for any purpose. Thomas Jefferson Randolph, of Virginia, thus contrasts the American slave trade with the African:

"The trader receives the slave, a stranger in language, aspect, and manner, from the merchant who has brought him from the interior. The ties of father, mother, husband, and child, have all been rent in twain; before he receives him, his soul has become callous. But here, sir, individuals, whom the master has known from infancy, whom he has seen sporting in the innocent gambols of childhood, who have been accustomed to look to him for protection, he tears from the mother's arms, and sells into a strange country, among strange people, subject to cruel task-masters."*

Such are the moral evils of slavery. Its political evils are equally great-

"SLAVERY AND SECURITY CANNOT EXIST TOGETHER." Such are the words of the enlightened and philosophical author of "The Wealth of Nations," the father of political economy. The master may forget that his slave has rights to vindicate, but the slave will always remember that he has wrongs to avenge. The state which admits slavery introduces the seeds of destruction-introduces and supports a body of malcontents, who will be formidable in proportion to their numbers, their wrongs, and external circumstances. The numbers of slaves in America are great nearly three millions; their wrongs are unexampled in the history of crime; and, though all is still at the present moment, the day may arrive when a foreign foe shall invade that guilty land; and, should such a time ever come, he will find there millions of allies, bound to him by every tie that can bind man to man, and urged to fidelity by all that hope can offer or despair suggest.

We now come to the economical evils of slavery. Slavery is both expensive and unproductive. We, of course, do not mean to deny that the raising of slaves like cattle is profitable—it is # 66 Slavery and the Internal Slave Trade," &c., p. 66.

profitable, as sundry other vile methods of traffic in human beings are profitable to the miscreants who practise them, where the law does not prevent them. It is, no doubt, profitable for a man to sell his sons to cruel labour, and his daughters to open shame; it was a profitable trade for those wretches, who, in the reign of Louis XV., furnished the Parc au cerfs. But, besides the utter unnatural infamy of slave breeding, it can be only a temporary trade, unless indeed all the slaves sold by their masters and parents are actually worked to death.

That which we mean to assert is, that slavery, in itself, divested of this hateful offshoot; this fruit, more poisonous than the tree which produces it; this child, more loathsome than its loathsome parent-like sin, the offspring of Satan-is both expensive and unproductive. Mr. Buckingham proves both these points in many parts of his work, and appears fond of placing the question prominently forward, apparently from the notion, that in appealing to their avarice, he appeals to the master passion of America. In one place he says, after mentioning some humane slave-owners, who, being prevented by law from enfranchising their slaves, allowed them the use of their time and the profits of their labour

"This sort of emancipation is quite within the power of all slaveowners to give to their negroes, and no one pretends to say that this would be dangerous; but then it would require the sacrifice, on the part of the owner, of all the gain he now makes from his slaves, and this his selfishness will not permit him to make. It is, therefore, a mere question of pecuniary loss or gain after all. Indeed, my own conviction is, that if the slave-owners of America could but be persuaded that they would gain more by setting their slaves free, than by keeping them in bondage, they would all do so to-morrow, and that all their pretended alarms about insurrection, annihilation, and so on, would vanish like a dream."

The utter groundlessness of such objections and apprehensions is satisfactorily shown by the following extract from Mr. Bandinel's admirable work on Slavery-a work of the deepest research and most unimpeachable veracity, and characterized throughout by the soundest judgment and strictest impartiality.

"The opponents of the measures of 1833, for fixing a period when slavery should be abolished throughout the British possessions, foretold that riot and disorder would accompany its accomplishment in the West Indies, and waste and misery follow as its consequences there. But the final termination of servitude, even in the shape of apprenticed labour, took place in the British West Indies on the 1st of August, 1838, two years previously to the time when by the act of 1833 it had been originally contemplated; and the accounts of that event, transmitted by the highest authorities, and carefully collated by the

Government, concur in stating, that the emancipation took place throughout the whole of the colonies without the recurrence of a single tumult or disturbance, or the employment of military force.

"These accounts state that the joy of the negroes on the 1st of August, 1838, was sober, orderly, and religious. It was manifested throughout the colonies by their assembling in the churches, to offer up thanksgivings to God for his goodness. The accounts received further state, that since the emancipation the negroes have been thriving and contented; that they have raised their manner of living, and multiplied their comforts and enjoyments; that their offences against the laws have become lighter and less frequent; that their morals have improved; that marriage has been substituted for concubinage; that they are eager for education, and rapidly advancing in knowledge; and that religion principally influences their feelings and their conduct. "The accounts of the state of all the colonies are not, of course, favourable. They agree in observing, however, that the negroes are not become idle, but prefer, at present, working for themselves on small freehold properties, which they aim at purchasing with their savings. In this way the number of small freeholds in Jamaica, which in 1838 amounted to 2,014, had in 1840, according to official returns, amounted to 7,848. In Barbadoes, after Jamaica the most important of the West India islands, the cultivation of land and the value of property are stated to remain undiminished. The prosperity of Antigua is represented as unimpaired; and Trinidad is spoken of in the same favourable terms.

"The emancipation of the negroes has also proved favourable to population. The excess of deaths over births has already diminished from five to two per cent.; and, on the experience of so short a time, the most favourable hopes may be entertained of the eventual increase and prosperity of the colonies."-Bandinel on the Slave Trade, pp. 290, 291, 292.

That slavery is both expensive and unproductive, Mr. Buckingham shows, both by his own observations and the admissions of others; and Mr. Gurney, in his valuable and interesting work lately published, proves, that freedom adds to every other advantage which it possesses, those of productiveness to the estate and cheapness to the planter. The following passages are amongst many supporting this assertion:

"The manager seemed to take no small pleasure in pointing out the luxuriant crops of sugar cane, at once so vigorous and so clean. He declared that the crops of Antigua had never been taken off more easily than during each successive year since the date of freedom. This gentleman's estates had been largely peopled with slaves, and in consequence oppressed by mortgages. Now he works them with less than one-third of the number, and at a vastly diminished expense. 'The whole expense of conducting and working the estate at present,' said the manager, 'is less than that of the mere feeding of the slaves. Best of all, the mortgages on the property are mostly paid off; and

our friend, once half a slave himself, is emerging into comfort, ease, and liberty. We afterwards called on Dr. Daniel, the respected president of the council, and a large attorney. He freely assured us the labourers on the properties under his care were working well, and at a much cheaper rate than in the times of slavery. Here also the result of the experiment was a saving of expense, and, of course, therefore, an increase of profit, and a rise in the value of property."

Speaking of the same island, Mr. Gurney, after giving the details, says, "that in the sixth year of freedom, after the fair trial of five years, the exports of sugar from Antigua almost doubled the average of the last five years of slavery, is a fact which precludes the necessity of all other evidence."*

"It may be quite true (says Mr. Buckingham), that the African race can alone sustain the exposure to heat and labour combined, which the cultivation of rice, sugar, and cotton demand; but it is at the same time as true, that their labour might be hired and paid for only as it was employed, instead of the ruinously improvident system of buying up all the labour of their lives, and paying for it beforehand." Slavery retards the progress of agriculture;-"and thus it is that the old slave states of Virginia and Maryland are already exhausted. The Carolinas and Georgia are partially so; and in process of time this will be the fate of Alabama, Mississippi, Kentucky, and the other slave states; while those who employ the cheaper, more vigorous, and more productive element of free labour, will outstrip them in the race, from the mere advantage of a better system of industry. While I believe, therefore, that the condition of the slaves would be much improved by their being placed under the influence of those higher and better motives to labour, which the enjoyment of the reward of their own toil can alone create, I also believe that the planters would all benefit by the substitution of free labour for slave labour, because the former is cheaper and more productive than the latter can ever be made. The slave-owners are indeed their own enemies in opposing or retarding the emancipation of their labourers.

"It is no doubt very difficult (proceeds Mr. Buckingham) to prevail upon a man, who has laid out 50,000 dollars in the purchase of 100 negroes, to set them all free, and pay them for their labour by the day; but it is often wiser to break up a bad system at almost any loss, and substitute a better one, than it is to continue the practice of the old, because of the capital sunk in it, when the new would be so much more profitable. But the competition of labour in the free states will ultimately render this indispensable; and the parallel to this may often be seen in the case of manufactures. A manufacturer purchases, at great expense, a machine for producing a certain fabric. He has scarcely

* "A Winter in the West Indies," pp. 78, 79. Small edition. We advise every one who wishes to see the practical working of emancipation to purchase this volume. The low price of this edition makes it attainable by all, and the whole work is a chain of clear facts-each fact a conclusive argument. Viewed in this light, it is impossible to praise this interesting little book too highly.