will be seen by comparing with the table on p. 371. The Skaneateles line is also along one of the most prominent directions of jointing. Of the less strongly indicated directions (Canandaigua line and Flint and Twelve Mile Creeks line, N. 18°-22° E.) no strong indication of control by jointing is observable, though the direction N. 16° E. is that of four observed joints, whereas no other directions between N.-S. and N. 30° E. have more than two representatives among those recorded.

REVIEWS

Vermont Geological Survey: Mineral Industries and Geology of Certain Areas. By GEORGE H. PERKINS, PH.D., State Geologist

and Professor of Geology, University of Vermont. (Fourth Biennial Report.) Pp. 1-227; Plates I-LXXXI.

This report contains a description of the investigations conducted by the Survey during 1903-4. The report proper is prefaced by a sketch of the life and work of Charles Baker Adams, the first state geologist of Vermont, and a list of the publications on the geology of Vermont.

The chapter on the mineral resources of the state, by the state geologist, concerns itself chiefly with the various building and ornamental stones of the state. A map shows the approximate location and extent of the various granite, marble, and slate areas. The nonmetallic minerals, soapstone, talc, kaolin, fireclay, and asbestos, and the metallic minerals, gold, silver, copper, and platinum, are briefly treated.

C. H. Hitchcock discusses the glaciation of the Green Mountain Range. It is evident from a review of the facts that all the New England and northern New York elevations were swept over by the Hudson River lobe of the Labrador glacier as it advanced down the St. Lawrence, Lake Champlain, and Hudson River depressions, filling these great valleys, and spreading eastward and westward over the elevated mountain districts on either side.

W. F. Masters, in a preliminary report on a portion of the serpentine belt, shows that the serpentines are largely confined to a broad belt of talcose, micaceous schist. Three distinct types of rock occur-talcose micaceous schist, amphibolites, and serpentine, the latter resulting from the gradual alteration of the amphibolite. Serpentine occurs in two localities, Lowell and Belvidere. In both places the rocks have been sheared and crushed. The maximum amount of crushing and fracturing occurred near the upper and lower limits of the zones, and along fault planes. It is along these fracture lines that the asbestos has developed in paying quantities.

The chapter on the geology of Grand Island County, by the state geologist, describes the various formations and their economic importance. The county comprises Alburg peninsula, three large islands, North Hero, Isle La Motte, Grand Isle, and a group of smaller islands which nearly fill

Occur.

the northern end of Lake Champlain. The surface rock of Alburg and North Hero is Utica shale, while on Isle La Motte and Grand Isle patches of the Beekmantown, Chazy, Black River, Trenton, and Utica formations The entire region is underlain by Ordovician rocks. A large part of Isle La Motte is covered by glacier clay and beaches. The southern end of Grand Isle has numerous dikes. The chapter closes with a description of the Stromatoceria, and similar forms of the Chazy, of Isle La Motte.

The report on the lignite or brown coal of Brandon and its fossils, embraces a brief résumé of the literature relating to the discovery age, origin, geological occurrence, and fossils of the lignite deposits. To this is added a note on the geological relations of the Brandon lignite, with map, by T. N. Dale, of the United States Geological Survey, and a note on the Brandon clays, by J. B. Woodworth, of the New York State Survey. The age of the Brandon formations is not determined. The discussion closes with a description of the fossil forms of the Brandon lignite, and plates illustrating most of the species studied.

The chapter on hydrology, also by Dr. Perkins, states that springs are the chief source of Vermont water-supply. Wells 10 to 30 feet in depth are used in a few localities. Deeper wells are seldom used, and are limited to the western part of the state. In Champlain Valley several flowing wells have been drilled. The joint investigation of the underground watersupply in Vermont by the state and United States Geological Surveys is still in progress.

A. R. S.

The Manufacture of Hydraulic Cements. By ALBERT VICTOR BLEININGER, B.Sc., Instructor in Ceramics, Ohio State University. Geological Survey of Ohio, Fourth Series, Bulletin No. 3 (1904). Pp. xiv+391.

This volume embodies the results of four years' work, and is a valuable contribution to the subject of cement manufacture. Some idea of the scope of the bulletin may be gained from the headings of the chapters, which are as follows: "General Considerations on the Hydraulic Cements;" "Raw Materials of the Cement Industry;" "Analysis and Testing of the Raw Materials;" "Manufacture of Puzzuolane and Natural Cements;" "On the Nature of Portland Cement;" "The Compounding of Portland Cement Mixtures;" "Winning and Preparation of the Raw Materials;" "The Burning of Portland Cement-the Grinding of the Clinker and General Arrangements of Plants;" "The Properties of Portland Cement and the Testing of Cement." Several of these chapters are of more than

ordinary interest, and the volume will be useful to all who are interested in the manufacture of cement.

The various methods of making chemical analyses of the raw materials are given in detail. Following the chemical analyses is a series of mechanical analyses. These mechanical analyses are given because the physical character of the clay has an influence on its chemical activity when the cement is burned.

The chapter on "The Nature of Portland Cement" contains the results of investigations since 1887. The preparation of this summary must have required considerable labor, for many of the original papers are printed in French or German. The results of the author's investigations form a valuable contribution to the subject.

Every detail of cement manufacture is explained from the mining of the raw materials to the pulverizing and testing of the finished product. One of the most important features of the volume is the series of contributions made by the author to various problems of cement manufacture.

On pp. 155-57 the author gives a list of the unsolved problems connected with the chemical and physical analysis of cements. A perusal of this list indicates that there is a large field open to the investigator who has a thorough knowledge of chemistry and physics.

A few pages are devoted to a description of Ohio cement plants, with a statement of the raw materials used and the size and capacity of each plant. G. C. M.

Preliminary Report on the Ohio Co-operative Topographic Survey,

November 15, 1903. By C. E. SHERMAN. Pp. 227.

This work has been in progress three years, the average appropriation by the state being $25,000 per year. To this appropriation the United States Geological Survey adds an equal amount, besides bearing all the expense of engraving and printing the maps. It is estimated that the entire state will be mapped within five years at a cost, to the state, of $25,000 per year.

The maps are made in accordance with the general plan of the United States Geological Survey, the only exceptional feature being the numbering of the sections. It is proposed to indicate the areas of woodland after the maps are printed. Numbering the sections and indicating the wooded areas will add much to the value of the maps.

G. C. M.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS.

-BAIN, H. FOSTER, Zinc and Lead Deposits of Northwestern Illinois. [Bulletin No. 246, U. S. Geological Survey.]

-BAUER, L. A., Terrestrial Magnetism; Results of Magnetic Observations Made by the Coast and Geodetic Survey Between July 1, 1903, and June 30, 1904. [Appendix No. 3, Report for 1904.]

—BLEININGER, A. V. Manufacture of Hydraulic Cements. [Bulletin No. 3, Geological Survey of Ohio, 4th series.]

—CLOUGH, C. T., and HARKER, ALFRED. The Geology of West-Central Skye, with Soay. Explanation of Sheet 70. [Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Scotland, 1904.]

-CORSTORPHINE, GEO. S. The History of Stratigraphical Investigation in South Africa. [Reprinted from the Report of the South African Association for the Advancement of Science, Johannesburg Meeting, 1904.]

The Geological Relation of the Old Granite to the Witwatersrand Series (Read March 9, 1904). [Reprinted from the Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, Vol. VII, Part I, 1904.]

-Davenport Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the, Vol. IX, 1901-1903. [Davenport, Iowa, 1904.]

-HATCH, FREDERICK H., and CORSTORPHINE, GEO. S. The Petrography of the Witwatersrand Conglomerates, with Special Reference to the Origin of the Gold (read November 14, 1904). [Reprinted from the Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa, Vol. VII, Part III, 1904.]

The Geology of the Bezuidenhout Valley and the District East of Johannesburg (read August 8, 1904). [Reprinted from ibid., Part II, 1904.] -HATCH, FREDERICK H. The Oldest Sedimentary Rocks of the Transvaal (read December 12, 1904). [Reprinted from ibid., Part III, 1904.] -HOBBS, WM. HERBERT. The Frontier of Physiography. [Reprinted from Science, N. S., Vol. XVIII (1903), No. 460, pp. 538-40.]

Lineaments of the Atlantic Border Region. [Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, Vol. XV (1904), pp. 483-506, Plates 45-47.]

The Tectonic Geography of Eastern Asia (reviews and translations). [From the American Geologist, Vol. XXXIV (1904), pp. 69-80, 141-51, 214-26, 283-91, 371-78.]

—MAITLAND, A. GIBB. Preliminary Report on the Geological Features and Mineral Resources of the Pilbara Goldfield. [Bulletin No. 15, Geological Survey of Western Australia; Perth, 1904.]

-Maryland Geological Survey, Highway Division. The New State and Road Law; How Improved Roads May be Secured under its Provisions. [1904.]