349.

Succession states, frontiers of, 462.
Sudan crisis, the, 149.

Suez Canal, control acquired by Great
Britain, 228.

Suffrage, in Great Britain, 20, 32; in Aus-
tralia, 48; in New Zealand, 48; in con-
tinental Europe, 52-88; in France, 58;
in Italy, 67; in Portugal, 72; in Switzer-
land, 73, 75; in Norway, 86; in Soviet
Russia, 537; in Austria, 587; extension
of, 638, 664, 672. See also Govern-

ment.

Sun Yat-sen, 192, 674.
Supreme Council, of Paris Conference,
443.

Sweden, neutrality in World War, 82;

account of, 84-88; the Aaland islands,
505, 674; in League of Nations, 631.
Switzerland, 73-75, 672; Europe's model
republic, 73; economic progress of
Switzerland, 74; the problem of na-
tional unity, 74; Swiss democracy, 75;
the referendum and the popular as-
sembly, 75.

Syndicalism, in continental Europe, 56.
Synthetic compounds, 703.
Synthetic foods and fibres, 706.
Syria, rebellion in, 662.

Taff Vale decision, the, 29.

Takahira, Japanese representative at
Portsmouth, 188.

Takamine, isolates adrenalin, 704.
Talaat Pasha, 326, 407.
Tannenberg, battle of, 310.
Tariff tendencies, in British Empire, 647.
Taxation, in Great Britain, 648.
Tchaikowsky, head of North Russian
government at Archangel, 521, 523.
Tcheidze, replaced by Trotsky, 380.
Tchernov, President of Russian Constitu-
ent Assembly, 382, 521.
Tchitcherin, George, 541.

Temperance reform, in Great Britain, 33.
Terrorism, in Russia, 129, 530, 531, 533.
Teschen affair, the, 463.

Third International, the, 519.
Thomas, Albert, 500.

Thomson, J. J., 702.

Tibet, 190.

Togo, Admiral, 184, 186.

Townshend, General, 325, 407.

Scandinavian, 82. See also Economic
conditions.

Trades Disputes Act, the, 29.
Trades-unionism, in Great Britain, 28;
growth of, 642.
Transvaal, the, 24.
Transylvania, 473.
Trepoff, General, 127.
Trianon Treaty, the, 471.
Triple Alliance, the, 243, 252.
Triple Entente, becomes an alliance, 283;
advantages in World War, 286.
Tripoli, Italy in, 228.

Tropics, Europe in the, 133-66; the roots
of imperialism, 133; settlement col-
onies and colonies of exploitation, 134;
value of the tropics, 135; "sugar and
spice and everything nice," 135; fruits
and copra, 135; rubber and other forest
products, 136; cotton and hemp, 136;
problems of tropical colonization, 136;
tropical diseases, 137; the war against
malaria and yellow fever, 137; the
transportation problem, 138; Africa,
138-53; India, 154-61; Ceylon, 161;
Straits Settlements and Malay States,
161; Borneo and New Guinea, 161;
French Indo-China, 161; Siam, the
"Land of the White Elephant," 162;
the Dutch East Indies, 162; modern
Java, 163; outlying parts of Nether-
lands-India, 164; the partition of the
Pacific, 164; British Oceania, 164;
French and German possessions, 164;
American Oceania, 165; Condomin-
ium: Samoa and the New Hebrides,
165; problems of the Pacific area, 166.
Trotsky, Leon, 380, 381, 383, 385, 390,
540.

Tsushima Straits, battle of, 186.
Tuan Chi-jui, 196.
Tuan, Prince, 177.
Tunis, annexed by France, 228.
Turbine, steam, 697.

Turkey, account of, 202-05, 208, 211;
frontier after second Balkan War, 237;
declares for Germany in the World
War, 283; strategic advantages of, 322;
attempt to arouse a "holy war," 322;
Gallipoli campaign, 323, 324; Balkan
settlement under Peace of Paris, 477-
478, 589; a Moslem republic, 598.
See also Balkans, Near East, and
World War.

Turkish Macedonia, in its last phase, 230.
Twenty-one demands, the, 199.
Tzu Hsi, 177.

U.S.S.R., in Soviet Russia, 545.

U-boat, Germany's use of, 336-38, 349.

Wilhelmina, Queen, 80.
William II, German Kaiser, congratu-
lates the Boers, 26; proposals to Tsar,
251; opposes British suggestion of a
"naval holiday," 260; comment upon
Serbia, 271; irritated by British sug-
gestion of mediation between Austria-
Hungary and Serbia, 275; desires a
Mohammedan war against Great Brit-
ain, 278; fury against Great Britain,
280; abdication of, 426; war guilt, 457.
See also International relations, and
World War.

William of Wied, Prince, 239, 593.
Wilson, Woodrow, opposes "six-power
loan" to China, 198; warns Germany
upon submarine campaign, 338; policy
of neutrality, 343; reëlected Presi-
dent, 344; offer of mediation in the
World War, 344; second appeal, 349;
advocates armed neutrality, 352; war
on Germany declared by United
States, 353; war administration, 356;
message to Soviet Russia, 304; request
for statement of peace terms from bel-
ligerents, 414; the Fourteen Points,
418, 421; at Paris Peace Conference,
438, 443, 444, 451; views of German lia-
bility for reparations, 455; upon the
Fiume controversy, 468; upon the Near
Eastern question, 477; opposed by
Senate upon League of Nations, 482,
511; approves draft of plan for League
of Nations, 488. See also Peace of
Paris, and World War.
Wireless waves, 701.
Wirth, Joseph, 602, 616.
Witos, Premier of Poland, 528.
Witte, Count Sergius, 129, 188, 251.
Wojciechowski, Stanislas, President of
Poland, 571.

World War, outbreak of, 269-88; Franz
Ferdinand visits his "loyal city of
Sarajevo," 269; the murder, 269; Aus-
tria resolves on a punitive war, 270;
Germany gives Austria-Hungary a free
hand, 271; the ultimatum of July 23d,
272; Austria-Hungary begins the war,
273; Russia protests, 274; England
proposes an international conference,
274; a divided mind in Germany at the
critical hour, 275; the Russian mobili-
zation, 276; Germany declares war on
Russia and France, 276; why Germany
turned against the west, 277; patriotic
rally in France, 277; England warns
Germany, 278; England between peace
and war, 279; England declares war
on Germany, 279; why Germany in-
vaded Belgium, 280; the legal as-
pect of Belgian neutrality, 281; why

England was interested in the German
invasion of Belgium, 282; Japan, Por-
tugal, and Montenegro enter the war,
282; the Triple Entente becomes an
alliance, 283; Turkey and Bulgaria de-
clare for Germany, 283; the position of
Italy, 284; the most famous of the
"secret treaties," 284; Italy joins the
Allies, 285; Rumania hesitates between
two opportunities, 285; advantages of
the Entente Allies, 286; advantages of
the Central Powers, 286; a summary of
the evidence, 287.

World War, early campaigns, 289-
329; new type of war, 289; the armed
nation, 290; mobilizing every one, 290;
war socialism, 291; increasing ruthless-
ness of war, 292; a war of engineers,
292; the war in the air, 293; the cav-
alry of the air, 294; supercannon, 294;
the man behind the gun, 295; continu-
ous battle, 295; medical progress, 296;
the first phase: the war of movement,
297; the battleline in eastern France,
298; the Belgian campaign, 298; the
German advance on Paris, 298; the
stand before Paris, 299; the battle of
the Marne, 299; the race to the sea,
300; the siege of Antwerp, 301; what
Germany won in the west, 301; the
reign of terror in Belgium, 302; inci-
dents of German rule, 302; German
attempt to divide Belgium, 304; the
deadlock of the western front, 304; the
geology of trench war, 305; the 1915
campaign in Flanders; use of poison
gas, 306; the Verdun campaign, 307; the
Somme campaign, 308; significance of
the "tank," 308; German victories in
eastern Europe, 309; the Russian of-
fensive of 1914, 309; the battle of Tan-
nenberg, 310; the Galician campaign,
310; weakness of Russia's position in
Galicia, 312; the battle of the Duna-
jec, 313; the Russian offensive of 1916,
314; Poland, the Belgium of the east,
314; the German plan to create a
Polish "buffer State," 315; the func-
tion of Austria in the war, 316; the Al-
pine campaign of Italy, 316; the Isonzo
campaign, 317; the Austrian attack on
northern Italy, 1916, 317; Bulgarian
intervention dooms Serbia, 318; Greece
refuses aid, 318; the Balkan campaign,
319; the Rumanian campaign, 320; the
conquest of Wallachia, 320; results of
the Rumanian campaign, 321; strate-
gic advantages of Turkey: material and
political, 322; Turkey's "holy war"
meets with little response, 322; the
Gallipoli campaign, 323, Turks hold

the Straits against the Allied fleet, 324;
the British abandon the Gallipoli cam-
paign, 324; the Mesopotamia cam-
paign, 325; Russia's failure in Armenia,
326; Armenia: the massacre of a na-
tion, 326; German losses in the Pacific,
327; stubborn resistance of German
East Africa, 327; the Boer rebellion,
328; the balance sheet of war at the
end of 1916, 328; American intervention
in the war, 330-60; Russian campaigns
of 1917, 361-94.

World War, closing years, 395-434;
the western front in 1917, 395; failure
of the Entente offensive of 1917, 396;
"defeatism" in France, England, and
Italy, 396; the Caporetto disaster, 398;
a silver lining in the Orient, 399; the
winter before the last campaign-in
the South, 400; in the North, 400; pre-
parations for the 1918 offensive, 400;
March 21, 1918, 402; Thor's hammer
strikes again, 402; the rally of the En-
tente, 403; the counter-stroke on the
Marne, 404; August 8, 1918, 404;
the American contribution, 405; Brit-
ish victories in the North, 406; in the
meantime Bulgaria surrenders, 406;
the Ottoman Empire makes peace,
407; Austria-Hungary ceases to exist,
408; the Declaration of Corfu, 409;
foreign encouragement of nationalist
revolution, 410; the birth of Czecho-
Slovakia, 411; chaos in central Europe,
412; final victory in the West, 413;
peace overtures in 1917, 414; the
Reichstag resolution, 415; the Pope
offers an olive branch, 415; Austrian
efforts for peace, 416; labor's efforts for
peace, 417; a British statement of
peace terms, 418; the "Fourteen
Points," 418; armistice negotiations
with Germany, 420; two amendments
to the "fourteen," 421; thus ends the
war, 421; the German Revolution,
422; German politics during the war,

422; the transition to the republic,
424; November 9, 1918, 424; the
Spartacist movement, 424; socialism
versus bolshevism, 425; the abdication
of monarchy, 426; the Weimar As-
sembly, 427; what the war had done to
Germany, 428; the balance sheet of the
Great War, 429; the direct cost in life,
430; the influenza plague, 431; the cost
in human quality, 432; the cost in
world wealth, 433; the imponderables,
433; the peace of Paris, 435; League
of Nations' attitude upon war issues,
513.

Wrangel, General, 524.
Wright, Orville and Wilbur, 708.
Wu Pei-fu, 674.
Wu Ting-fang, 193.
Wyndham's Act of 1903, 40.

X-rays, 700.

Yalu river, battle of, 185.
Yap, Japanese mandate over, 676.
Young, Owen, 622.
Young China, liberal ideas of, 192.
Young Turk movement, the, 208, 211.
Younghusband, Colonel, 190.
Youth movement, in Germany, the, 633.
Ypres, battle of, 306.
Yuan Shih-kai, 177, 193.
Yudenich, General, 525.
Yugo-Slavia, dispute with Albania, 506;
the problem of unity, 590; the Yugo-
Slav Government, 591; Yugo-Slav
problems, 592.

Zabern affair, the, 108.
Zaghlul Pasha, 651.
Zankoff, Alexander, 595.
Zeebrugge, raid on, 406.
Zemstvos, Russian, 364.
Zimmermann, Alfred, 341, 503.
Zimmermann note, the, 341.
Zinoviev, head of executive committee of
the Third International, 520.