the friends of education for enlarged contributions for our educational work.

Since writing the above we learn that the Theological Seminary building at Richmond, Va., also felt the force of the storm and suffered considerable damage.

Wayland Seminary, one of our oldest and most important schools, occupies in the City of Washington a piece of ground about 50,000 square feet, which by the growth of the city has come to be quite valuable for residence purposes. In ordinary times it could be sold for a good round sum. There is at present an opportunity to purchase, for a comparatively small price, a plot of ground much larger than the present, and better suited for school purposes. One hundred thousand dollars would purchase the site and erect upon it buildings ample for the present, while the present site could doubtless be sold in the near future for enough to provide a very respectable endowment. Are there not among the readers of the MONTHLY those who will be glad to assist in putting this great institution upon a self-sustaining basis? It is a rare opportunity for a wise investment of missionary funds.

The Women's Baptist Home Mission Society, of Chicago, is co-operating efficiently with the Home Mission Society in the appointment of industrial teachers at Benedict College, Bishop College, Roger Williams University, Shaw University, the State University, Kentucky, and Wayland Seminary; also in teachers for the Missionary Training Schools at Spelman Seminary and Shaw University. These all work in harmony with the management of the institutions in accordance with specific regulations approved by both societies.

Correction. In Mrs. Blackburn's article, on page 338, in the October MONTHLY, "garnered light of a thousand gems," should read "garnered light of a thousand years."

Ex

EX-GOV. LEVI K. FULler. Another, conspicuous in the ranks of New England Baptists, has passed away. Governor Levi K. Fuller, of Brattleboro, Vt., died at his residence, after an illness of several months, on Saturday, October 10, 1896, in the 57th year of his age. For many years he had been prominently identified with the Estey Organ Co., whose interests were greatly advanced by his energetic and untiring labors. He was prominent in our denominational affairs in the State, being particularly interested in the Vermont Academy at Saxton's River. So influential did he become in public affairs that in 1880 he was elected to the State Senate; in 1886 was made Lieutenant Governor, and in 1892, Governor of Vermont. He was a public spirited, patriotic Christian citizen whose loss will be widely deplored.

From the organization and incorporation of Shaw University, in 1875, until his death, he was a member of its Board of Trustees, and for many years chairman thereof. His interest and liberality in this great enterprise for the colored people are well known and gratefully remembered. To his associates in business, and to his bereaved family, the Society tenders its sincere sympathy.

Quite recently two Scandinavian Baptist churches which have been planted and developed by our missionaries in the West, have organized as American churches, and hereafter will use the English language in all their church and Sunday-school services. The truth is, the so-called foreign Baptist churches are only American churches in the process of making.

To anyone not a subscriber, remitting $1.40, we will send THE HOME MISSION MONTHLY for one year, and also deliver, postage paid, a copy of Smith's Bible dictionary, worth $2.00. See review in this number. Old subscribers may obtain the Bible dictionary by sending $1.10.

WEALTH AND ITS PRODUCERS AND CONSUMERS.

T. J. MORGAN.

There is a great deal of loose talk nowadays, and we fear much looser thinking, regarding wealth and those who produce it. It is frequently asserted that wealth is the product of labor, that the toiling masses are its producers. Apparently the idea intended to be conveyed is, that people who labor with their hands are the only producers of wealth, that they constitute a class by themselves with interests quite distinct and diverse from the capitalists and all others who consume what the toilers produce. It is very easy of demonstration that such an opinion is very faulty, very misleading, very mischievous.

protect their bodies from the elements by some form of clothing, and in all Northern climates they require a fire and habitation. Every toiler who produces food, or material for clothing, or fuel, or housing human beings is a creator of wealth. Not a great deal of wealth is required for the lowest existence which man is capable of sustaining. Men as animals are not expensive creatures. In some climates their food, raiment and shelter are of the scantiest kind, being in many cases produced by nature itself and requiring only to be seized as necessity requires it.

Civilized man demands more varied and choicer food, more extended and selecter garments, and dwellings corresponding with his culture. The moment he begins the ascent in the scale of development which calls for improved feeding, clothing and housing, the wealth that supplies his necessities takes on a new meaning, and the degree of brain power needed in its production increases. The time comes at a comparatively early stage of his evolution as a civilized being, when the man who thinks, plans and directs in the preparation of the four essential requisites for exist

ence comes to play a part more important than that played by the toiler who by mere physical force in the early stages met his necessities for food, fuel, clothes and houses. The skilled farmer, the scientific tailor, and the trained architect, though they may not handle the plow, the needle, or the hammer, are as really wealth producers as those who under their direction produce what is required by mere manual toil.

New Desires Make New Forms of Wealth. Aristotle has well said, that "Man is a political animal.” The necessity for government, as a satisfaction for man's natural desires, is just as urgent as the necessity for food, fire, raiment and shelter. Goverment is a good, a weal-wealth; and the politician who frames wise laws, or the executive officer, whether constable, policeman, Mayor, Governor or President, who so executes the laws as to afford protection for life, property and reputation, and thus satisfies the ineradicable craving that man has for social order, and secures to him peace, contentment and enjoyment, is just as much a wealth producer as he who provides him with his physical necessities. Man in his upward ascent in the social, intellectual and moral scale of being develops constantly new desires, calling for new forms of wealth to satisfy them. At a very early stage comes a thirst for travel, desire to move from place to place for the enjoyment of new sights and scenes, which demands traveling facilities. The engineer who devises, the contractor who constructs and the laborer who builds a public highway, are each and all creators of this new form of wealth. The inventor who applied steam, and all the brain-workers associated with him who together have created the modern steamship, railroad, thus rendering it possible for men to cultivate their love of travel by round-theworld journeys, with the least possible expenditure of time and money and with the greatest personal comfort, are creators of wealth quite as much as the miners who dig the coal, the stokers who feed the furnaces, the engineer who runs the locomotive or the dago who keeps the weeds off the track of the railroad. Railroad and steamship travel are impossible without the brain work of inventors, designers, architects, engineers and superintendents. No great railroad can be successfully operated without

the presiding genius of a master mind, who, though he toils not with his hand, labors effectually with his brain and is as really the producer of the wealth involved in the facilities for travel as any brakeman, fireman, miner or day laborer. Let us go a step further. This modern necessity of civilized existence, this new nineteenth century form of wealth, rendered possible by steam and electricity in their application to ship and train, is the creature of capital, of money, of large wealth, as it is ordinarily termed, and could not exist without it. A Vanderbilt, whose millions are invested in a gigantic system of railroads, which brings the luxury and joy of travel, with speed, safety and certainty, within the reach of vast multitudes of people, is not only the owner of wealth, a capitalist, a consumer, but he is the producer of wealth. Wealth in the form of facility of travel could not exist without him. Every man of the dinner pail, who for a nickel rides to and from his suburban home and his city work, enjoys wealth produced for him by the millionaire or capitalist who owns, maintains, manages or makes possible

a system of street railroads.

Intellectual Wealth.

Man is an intellectual being, and his hunger for knowledge is as large a part of his essential nature as his hunger for food. Indeed, hunger for knowledge separates him from the beast, and shows him to be man. If the wheat and the pork that he consumes to keep up the physical fires of his animal machine are wealth, so, too, are the books which he reads for the maintenance of his intellectual energies, and the man who creates a book is as much a producer of wealth as the man who fattens a hog or grows a hill of potatoes. When Horace Mann created the common school system of Massachusetts, bringing the opportunities for intellectual culture within the reach of all her children, he proved himself a master mechanic, the producer of wealth in which every citizen of that great State can participate. The millionaire who founds a modern University, with all it numerous departments affording to the thousands of students opportunities for study, investigation and development along all the great lines of human inquiry, ministers thus to the satisfaction of higher nature of men as intelligent beings, and thus creates for them a form of wealth as

much superior to the crude materials which the barbarian consumes as the highly culti vated soul is above the barbarian of the jungle. The latter by his crude toil, involving oftentimes the expenditure of little more than mere animal force, produces wealth in the form of food, while the former by a toil no less exhausting and wearisome produces wealth in the form of literature. The one form is essential to man as an animal, the other is the requisite of his intellectual nature. While it may be true that man is first an animal, and then a thinking creature so that his first necessity is to satisfy the cravings of his stomach, it is no less true that as a rational being he must think and there is an imperious necessity for literary food to suit the higher cravings of his brain. To heap praise upon the tiller of the soil as the only producer of wealth neither dignifies man nor labor, but reduces labor to drudgery and man to the condition of a brute.

Spiritual Wealth.

More than this; man is a moral and

religious being, and has necessities inherent in his spiritual constitution which crave a form of food, a kind of wealth which neither bread nor books can satisfy. The man who organizes a church, preaches the Gospel, provides facilities for religious work and worship, is a wealth producer of the highest order. A Christian University which supplements the knowledge of mathematics and the physical sciences by moral training and an exposition of Spiritual truth, linking man with immortality, fitting him for citizenship in Heaven, is as much a factory for the creation of wealth as the mill that grinds the wheat into flour. All that large class of persons who honestly, intelligently, effectively, promote man's religious activities and the development of his spiritual capacities by the founding of churches, Christian schools and universities, religious journals, missionary organizations and other forms of machinery are worthy to be reckoned as real producers of wealth.

Civilization is characterized by the multiplication and satisfaction of human desires. A man's culture is measured by the range of his necessities and accordingly by the complexity of the forms of wealth which he craves. The wealth needed to satisfy his higher nature is as imperative as that which satisfies his lower nature. Who ever