habits, that is, customs. These customs may come to be recognised and instituted, they may come to be honoured, or perhaps to be condemned as a burden and restriction or they may be as little felt by those who share them, as little known to them, as is the weight of the atmosphere. Our whole lives are threaded by unfelt, unrecognised customs, of which we can make ourselves aware only by an effort of reflection. These latter can scarcely be called institutions. They are but the raw material of institutions, and common will is for ever taking customs as they emerge into common consciousness, and instituting them." MacIver, Community* (London, Macmillan, 1917), p. 150 f. CHAPTER V SOCIALIZATION 61. MORALITY THE SOCIALIZATION OF SELF "Our final word about the place of the self in the moral life is, then, that the problem of morality is the formation, out of the body of original instinctive impulses which compose the natural self, of a voluntary self in which socialized desires and affections are dominant, and in which the last and controlling principle of deliberation is the love of the objects which wili make this transformation possible." Dewey and Tufts, Ethics* (New York, Holt, 1908), p. 397. 62. DISINTEGRATION OF SOCIETY "The danger that, above all others, a democratic nation must avoid is the disintegration of society into units with no immediate concern but self-interest, into individuals to whom social duties and bonds are gradually ceasing to appeal." Fouillée, Education from a National Standpoint * (New York, Appleton, 1892), p. 4. 63. SOCIAL SOLIDARITY "Social structure is an important factor. Where men are divided by language, or by religion, or by caste distinctions grounded on race or on occupation, there are grounds for mutual distrust and animosity which make it hard for them to act together or for each section to recognize equal rights in the other. Homogeneity, though it may not avert class wars, helps each class of the community to understand the mind of the others, and can create a general opinion in a nation. A population of a bold and self-reliant character is more fitted to work free institutions than is one long accustomed to passive and unreasoning obedience. Men cool of temper, slow and solid in their way of thinking, are better than those who are hasty, impressionable, passionate; for the habit of resorting to violence is one of the prime difficulties in the orderly working of political institutions, as any one will admit who recalls the sanguine expectations entertained half a century ago, and compares them with the facts of to-day in nearly every free country. Swift wits and a lively imagination are not necessarily an advantage in this sphere. Education, that is to say the education given by schools and books, signifies less than we like to think. Native shrewdness and the willingness to make a compromise instead of yielding to impulses and pushing claims of right to extremes are more profitable. The glib talk, common in our time, which suggests that education will solve the problems of China and Russia, of Mexico and Persia misleads us by its overestimate of the value of reading and writing for the purposes of politics." Bryce, Modern Democracies (New York, Macmillan, 1921), vol. II, p. 502 f. 64. ORIGINAL NATURE "I find many of the tendencies born in man to be archaic, useless, immoral adaptations to such a life as man lived in the woods a hundred thousand years ago—when affection had not spread beyond the family or justice beyond the tribe or science beyond the needs of to-morrow, when truth was only the undisputed and goodness only the unrebuked." Thorndike, in Educational Review,* 48:496-7 (Dec., 1914). 65. SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS DEPENDENT ON COMMUNICATION "All political and social institutions, all matters of human relationship, are dependent upon the means by which mind reacts upon mind and life upon life, that is to say, upon the intensity, rapidity and reach of mental and physical communication." Wells (and others), in Atlantic Monthly,* 123:108 (Jan. 1919). 66. THE DESTRUCTION OF COMMUNICATION IN AUGUST, 1914 "Of the [German] censorship Dr. Liebknecht said: 'You Americans cannot imagine the awful power of the military. In one day, in one hour, we were cut off. Every man became like a separate cell in the body politic. Every man was isolated with his own thoughts or else he was drowned in the flooding ideas of the war. From the moment the censorship shut down there was no more exchange of ideas. Every thinking man in Germany became a mental prisoner.'" Evening Post (New York), Dec. 23, 1916. 67. THE INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY "Society exists in individuals. When all the generations through which its unity subsists are counted in, its life is their life, and nothing outside their life. The individuals themselves, indeed, are profoundly modified by the fact that they form a society, for it is through the social relation that they realize the greater part of their own achievements. Each man is, so to say, the meeting point of a great number of social relations. Each such relation depends on him, on his qualities, on his actions, and also affects him and modifies his qualities and his actions. The whole complex of such relations constitutes the life of society. It follows that social development is also in the end personal or individual development. If society develops in any given direction, the persons constituting it develop accordingly, and if development as such means a movement towards a fuller and more complete life, then social development means a movement towards a fuller and more complete life for the persons of whom society consists." Hobhouse, Social Evolution and Political Theory* (New York, Columbia University, 1911), p. 85. 68. A NEW ERA IN HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS "Yesterday, and ever since history began, men were related to one another as individuals. To be sure there were the family, the Church, and the State, institutions which associated men in certain wide circles of relationship. But in the ordinary concerns of life, in the ordinary work, in the daily round, men dealt freely and directly with one another. Today, the everyday relationships of men are largely with great impersonal concerns, with organizations, not with other individual men. "Now this is nothing short of a new social age, a new era of human relationships, a new stage-setting for the drama of life." Wilson, The New Freedom 1914), p. 6 f. (Garden City, Doubleday Page, 69. THE GREAT SOCIETY "During the last hundred years the external conditions of civilized life have been transformed by a series of inventions which have abolished the old limits to the creation of mechanical force, the carriage of men and goods, and communication by written and spoken words. One effect of this transformation is a general change of social scale. Men find themselves working and thinking and feeling in relation to an environment, which, both in its world-wide extension and its intimate connection with all sides of human existence, is without precedent in the history of the world. "Economists have invented the term The Great Industry for the special aspect of this change which is dealt with by their science, and sociologists may conveniently call the whole result The Great Society. In those countries where the transformation first began a majority of the inhabitants already live either in huge commercial cities, or in closely populated industrial districts threaded by systems of mechanical traction and covering hundreds of square miles. Cities and districts are only parts of highly organized national states, each with fifty or a hundred million inhabitants; and these states are themselves every year drawn more effectively into a general system of international relationships. "Every member of the Great Society, whether he be stupid or clever, whether he have the wide curiosity of the born politician and trader, or the concentration on what he can see and touch of the born craftsman, is affected by this ever-extending and ever-tightening nexus. A sudden decision by some financier whose name he has never heard may, at any moment, close the office or mine or factory in which he is employed, and he may either be left without a livelihood or be forced to move with his family to a new centre." Wallas, The Great Society (New York, Macmillan, 1914), p. 3 f. 70. INCREASING SOCIAL INTEGRATION INEVITABLE "I would have our teachers understand the inevitably continuing character of social integration. The industrial revolution began on a new scale the bringing together of people in larger and larger aggregates. As the home and work shop gave way to the factory, so this, in turn, is being joined with others in greater combinations. These enlarging agencies of production sell over wider and wider areas to ever larger and larger numbers. An increasing stream of inventions brings to consciousness an ever increasing number of wants. Means of communication and transportation keep pace so that the morning's |