ground about five miles in length, which formerly | in hope of gathering the inhabitants into the bosom of There is nothing striking in the appearance of the village itself, but if the day be clear, a lovely view may be obtained of the Isle of Man, rising with its gilded peaks from the dark sea, while to the north the hazy hills of Scotland may be discerned, and to the south, Black Combe rears his sable head. Again, on turning inland may be perceived the rounded crest of Dent, and the rougher outlines of the hills which encircle Lake Ennerdale, and of some other which stud the most beautiful of English districts. A walk of six miles will be well repaid by a sight of "Woody Calder." Passing through the quiet village of Calderbridge, with its pretty church, a secluded foot-path leads the tourist to the ivy-grown remains of a ruined abbey, well sheltered by pine-trees; which, by moonlight, raise to the imagination processions of cowled ecclesiastics; though in reality those who erst trode those grounds (when the church, impure though she was, had not yet been pillaged by a godless monarch) are represented only by the broad and sombre shadows of oak or ash. But to return to St. Bees: the place owes its origin to an Irish saint named Bega, or Begogh, who crossed the Channel A.D. 650. To preserve her memory, a monastery was built here, (probably on the site of, or near the present church,) but it was destroyed by the Danes about A.D. 873; it was, however, restored during the reign of Henry I. as a cell to the abbey of St. Mary at York (having a prior and six Benedictine monks) by William, Lord Copeland, brother to Ranulph de Meschines, first Earl of Cumberland, who resided at Egremont Castle-the ruins of which still remain. William de Fortibus, Earl of Albemarle, was also a benefactor of this priory, which flourished till A.D. 1219, when it was pillaged by the Scots. It appears, however, to have been again restored; for after the rapacious dissolution of monasteries, we find that Sir Thomas Challoner held this ill-gotten spoil, paying an annual fee-farm to the king. In the reign of Mary it was granted to the Bishop of Chester and his successors, but afterwards passed to the Wyburghs (a family of consideration in the county at the present day); but they, suffering much from the Great Rebellion, mortgaged the property to the Lowthers, and it is at present held by the head of that family, the Earl of Lonsdale, who is lay rector of the parish, paying a small stipend to the incumbent. Respecting the foundation of the place by St. Bega, there is more than one legend in existence. That most generally known represents Bega, an Irish saint, as having heard of the heathen darkness of this part of Cumberland; on which account she "Sailed from green Erin with bedesman and monk," The Rev. R. Parkinson, B.D., has written a poem founded on this legend. the church. On her passage she was overtaken by a violent storm; falling on her knees, the saint vowed that should she be allowed to reach land, in the place where she first trod should rise a temple of worship in honour of the Virgin. St. Bega did safely reach the shore, at the place which is now St. Bees, and her first endeavour was to perform her vow. Speeding her way to the lord of Copeland, she begged of him to grant her land sufficient for her purpose. The haughty owner of the soil not only refused her request, but when importuned by the suppliant maid, he tauntingly replied, that she should have just so much land as was covered with snow on the morrow. Now the morrow was midsummer. In full confidence of faith the fair saint gave herself to prayer till broke the morning's light, when she beheld with thankful eyes that those prayers were abundantly answered; for farther than eye could range, the land was white with th' untrodden snow." Thus was there provided not only a site for building the church, but possession sufficient for supporting those who should serve it. It is a remarkable fact that the present boundary of the parish is most irregular, and even includes some fields in the Isle of Man; this is popularly accounted for, by asserting that on those places fell the midsummer snow. Another legend states Bega to have been the daughter of an Irish king, perhaps Donald III., who was a Christian, and who brought up his daughter in the faith. From childhood she had an ardent love for "holy virginity," and devoted her time to the study of religious books. Her beauty was celebrated, and offers of marriage were made to her by princes of all nations; but, bent on a monastic life, she refused them all. So great was her beauty, that the fame of it, together with reports of the power and wealth of her royal father, reached even to the court of Norway. The heir to the throne desired earnestly to make Bega his wife; an embassy was sent to Ireland, and was favourably received by the king, whereupon the prince betook himself to the Irish shores to wed the lovely Bega. But his hopes, though apparently so near being realized, were destined to a far less happy end; for on the evening prior to the day on which the dreaded ceremony was to be performed, the court being sunk in riot and drunkenness, Bega bethought herself how she might yet escape. Having prayed for deliverance, it was revealed to her that a ship would be provided to take her to Britain, and a bracelet was given her. Rising to seek the promised vessel, all the portals fly open before the mysterious bracelet, and, on clearing the palace boundaries, she finds the ship in readiness. The voyage is rough, and destruction well-nigh overwhelms Bega and her companions on that headland where, according to a vow made during the storm, she built a holy house, on the site of which now stands the church of St. Bees. This legend places the midsummer fall of snow many years later, when De Meschines was Lord of Copeland. At a former period De Meschines had been a devout man, when, having solicited and received six monks, with their prior, from York, he had placed them at Kirkby Begogh, or Beacock, now St. Bees, and had Until the year 1819, the choir of the church had been long unroofed, but in that year it was patched up, and with the north transept converted to the uses of a col given the town with certain lands to "God and St. Mary," building a cell to the honour of St. Bega. After a time, however, he repented, and listened to the tales that were told of the monks, and entered into a law-lege for divinity students, which was then founded by suit with them on account of the lands. Midsummerday having been fixed for decision, the contending parties met; when, lo! the whole cause of strife was covered with snow! Thus was the suit miraculously ended, and De Mescines was left to his chagrin. Having seen what tradition says of the founding of St. Bees' Abbey, we will now look at its present condition. Of the abbey, strictly so called, all that remains is the name, which is attached to a farm-house on the north side of the church. A ruined gate-house was removed about thirty years ago, and thus the church was left sole remnant of this once substantial establishment. the Bishop of Chester, Dr. Law, with the consent and co-operation of the late Earl of Lonsdale. The choir is divided into two parts, the larger of which is used as a college hall, the smaller as a library, while the north transept serves as a lecture-room. In the library are some good works, and also a good portrait of Dr. Ainger, the first principal, by Lonsdale, R.A., presented by the students. Those who keep the required number of four terms, extending over a period of two years, are received from this college as candidates for holy orders. The course of study is strictly theological, and the knowledge of the students is tested by a searching examination of four days' duration at the close of each term. There are no other buildings than those already named; the men, therefore, have rooms in the village, hired under a licence from the principal, and thus afford a source of maintenance to a large number of the inhabitants. At present, about one hundred men are receiving lectures from the principal, (the Rev. R. Par Built of red sandstone, St. Bees' church consists of a choir and transepts, a central tower, and nave with aisles; its architectural styles are various, and contain Norman, Transition, and early English, together with more modern additions of a character wholly unsuited to a sacred edifice. The west door is Norman, plain and bold, but, owing to the soft nature of the stone, it is much injured by time. The aisles are divided from the nave by two arcades of early English arches, spring-kinson, B.D., Canon of Manchester, and formerly ing from pillars alternately round and octagonal, with the exception of one, which is clustered. The windows in the aisles are plain square sashes of modern insertion, and those of the clerestory are of about the time of the Reformation. The entire building is in a state much to be deplored. The nave and aisles only are used as a parish church, being open for daily morning prayer during the terms of the college; the tower and south transept are walled off from the nave and aisles, as well as from the choir and north transept, and are used as a receptacle for the parish hearse, and also for lumber of all kinds. The tower, which stands upon four fine pointed arches, is only a square in height, the parapet being modern and embattled. There is a staircase turret at the north-east angle, near the entrance to which, in the north transept, is an ancient piscina. At the east end of the choir, three beautiful lancets rise from a string, the centre one higher than the others; in the interior, between them, are two tiers of niches, with clustered shafts and ornamented capitals, having a common dripstone round the whole; but these windows, in common with all others in the building, are disfigured by modern sashes. The north side of the choir has lancet windows, the two nearest the east being larger and more ornamented than the others. The south side contains an arcade of well-moulded arches, evidently showing that a side chapel or aisle was formerly attached. The font, which stands within a rail at the west end of the nave, is uncommon in its form, viz., that of a hexagon; the beauty of it, however, is marred by a coat of paint, and the ancient drain is stopped and useless. In the churchyard are two recumbent figures, evidently removed from altar-tombs, but so much injured as to be past the hope of restoration. Besides these, there are the remains of two ancient crosses; one, from which it is probable that the funeral service was read, and to which worshippers resorted for prayer in times prior to the Reformation; the other merely the appropriate mark of some Christian's grave. VOL. VII. Hulsean Lecturer at Cambridge,) and from the tutor and two theological lecturers. The principal is also incumbent of the parish, and the other clergymen act as his curates, as well as assist him in the college. Dr. Ainger, the first principal, died in 1840, and was succeeded by the Rev. R. P. Buddicorn, M.A. F.R.S., who had raised the number of students to about ninety, when his lamented death deprived the world of a sound scholar, and his pupils of a kind friend. This sad event took place on the 1st of July, 1846; and soon after the present principal was appointed; who possesses the advantage of intimate acquaintance with the college, having been lecturer during the time in which Dr. Ainger was principal. Under the sound instruction and judicious care of Canon Parkinson, the college promises to increase still more, as well in usefulness, as in the number of students; and in expressing our wish that this promise may be realised, we cannot do so better, than in the following lines from Wordsworth:— "Oh! may that power, who hushed the stormy seas, We must not omit to make mention of a native of this parish, who rose to the highest eminence in the church; viz. Archbishop Grindal,' who was born in the township of Hensingham, A.D. 1519, and who through all his life bore a "tender and affectionate love towards the place of his birth." But his greatest benefaction to the parish was, the founding of "the Free Grammar School of Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury." The school was not actually founded during the Archbishop's life, but his executors carried out his pious intentions, and the school was incorporated June 15th, 1585. By his will, Grindal provided for the building, furnishing, and maintenance of this foundation, and also left funds for establishing a fellowship, and two scholarships, at both Queen's and Pembroke colleges, Oxford, and a scholarship at Magdalen (1) See Strype's Life of Grindal. C college, Cambridge; desiring that all the said fellows and scholars be chosen from his school at St. Bees. The number of pupils is about 170, all of whom are educated freely; those from a distance, of course, paying THE CISSOR. "Four-and-twenty tailors all in a row." Many other benefactions have in later years been made to this school, which possesses a large property, THOUGH too well accustomed to the swaggering though the value of it is lamentably lessened, by many of the estates having been negligently leased for as long nomenclature of the present day to be very easily a period as 1000 years; notwithstanding this disadvan-imposed upon; though fully aware that there are no butchers now, but that we tage, however, the school is prospering, for a few years are indebted for our since the old building was repaired, and a new one on shoulders of mutton and shins of beef to PURVEYORS; a large scale was added, the whole forming a good though we know well that dentists are never heard of, quadrangle; the main entrance being ornamented but that your aching tooth is extracted, or your carious with the arms of the founder, and the appropriate one stuffed, by a GENTLEMAN who offers PROFESSIONAL motto, "Ingredere ut proficias." AID; and though when we were in swaddling clothes the race of tailors was fast evaporating and has long become extinct, our trousers being fitted and our waistcoats shaped by ARTISTS; while pastry-cooks are become CATE-RERS to the public taste (not a bad name that, by the way), and haberdashers rank as silk and lace MERCHANTS,-knowing all this, and having happened to see very frequently the "puffs "-may we use the plain English word?-poesy or prose, displaying the shining excellences of Warren's blacking, (written in former days, it is said, by Byron,) and numberless other advertisements, we were hardly prepared to be taken in by anything in the shape of a "puffing" placard. But we were. for their board. The present head master is the Rev. Miles Atkinson, late fellow of Queen's college, Oxford, and Craven's scholar; who is assisted in his " delightful task" by four under masters. Previous to the establishment of the Clerical College, it was customary for youths, after having left this school in the regular course, to return at the age of twentytwo, and read for a year in what was called "the Priests' class," whence they were admitted into holy Orders. This, however, has long ceased to be the case. Much more might be said, did space permit, of Grindal's benefactions to the parish, but I must use my few remaining lines to record the fact that Grindal's successor in the sees both of London and York was a native of the same township as himself; and though Edwin Sandys was Grindal's senior by some years, they lived "both in adversity and in prosperity as brothers together." In taking leave of our subject, it will not be out of place, or unnatural, to express an earnest hope, that, possessing a school so richly endowed, a college so eminently useful, with the advantages of sea-bathing, and of railway communication with every part of the kingdom, this hitherto secluded village may become more known and appreciated, and that good days are yet in store for the erst quiet and romantic landingplace of the tempest-driven Bega. THE REFUGE IN DESPAIR. BY JOHN C. BOYCE. C. M. GRIM spirit of the nightfall! wrap thy darkest robe around thee; Bid the fiends of desolation all, a ghastly troop, surround thee; Heed not the trembling seaman's cry, as, clinging to the mast, Whilst the lurid light is flashing, 'mid the darkness and the Wars and rumours of wars, distress of nations, perplexity, men's hearts failing them for fear,-all these signs seem to be brought before us now, and woe to him who scorns the warning: it is serious. We cannot look at the state of Europe at this time, and think lightly of these demonstrations. Still we could smile, and did, at the idea of opening all the water-locks, flooding Kennington Common, and so damping the ardour of the patriots who were to assemble there on the widely announced 10th of April, (a delay or procrastination, as we saw pencilled by some witty person on the Lord Mayor's placard, of the 1st of April); though we feared and knew the excitement was too powerful to be quenched, however it might be damped, by the "cold water cure" propounded. Well then, we repeat, however generally aware of the trading humbug of the day, still, our thoughts being engrossed by Chartism, Fraternization and Equality, and the expected terrible demonstration of the forthcoming 10th of April, we were startled, when plodding onward to the hospitable rus in urbe of a friend in the environs of London, to see printed bills in the hands of numerous persons on which our eye distinctly traced the words "PROCLAMATION. "" A REPUBLIC IN ENGLAND." Further we could not decipher, albeit we much Oh, bring before his anguish'd wife her husband's sinking form! wished to learn the cognomens of our English Then bid her, dreaming wildly, see his body on the shore, Do more than this: yet e'er, amid the ravings of despair, Lamartines, Rollins, and Aragos. The distributor of the announcements-(we must not say bill-sticker) was not to be seen: we had not courage to address any of the full-grown bearded republicans (for so our fancy painted them all) who carried them; but at last we met a little girl, some seven or eight years old, who held one with seemingly | word Tailor should ever almost be considered as a no more concern or interest than she did her spelling- term of reproach or contempt, in a way that is never book; and from her, for the bribe of one halfpenny, the thought of as regards a hosier, a shoemaker, or any offer of which made the child open her eyes amazingly other craftsman. Why, he rides like a tailor!" is wide, we obtained the bill. Thus ran the opening the sneering term of reproach applied to one not paragraphs:remarkable for skill or grace in the most noble art of horsemanship. "Why, you ninth part of a man, you tailor!" is generally thought sufficient to annihilate any body who has a grain of pride, or a particle of feeling; and Shakspeare addresses a tailor as if he were the embodiment of only the very smallest possible portion, the very minutest homeopathic dose of humanity. "PROCLAMATION, "A REPUBLIC IN ENGLAND. "Fellow Countrymen! "A retrograde monopoly has been overturned by the public spirit of two citizens! "For centuries have ye groaned under the high prices and inferior articles of the clothiers of London. A revolution has however been effected by * * * * * "The complaints of the people have happily not been made in vain. They have secured a national and popular clothing establishment where excellence is combined with economy, in accordance with the rights, the progress, and the will of this great and generous nation. "A Provisional Government at the call of the people has been invested with the care of organizing and securing the national pre-eminence in dress. "The earliest fashions; the newest patterns; the best workmen; the finest fabrics; and the most finished modistes. Such is the Tailoring Establishment England owes to herself. MONOPOLY HAS ABDICATED." Hurrah for tailors! thought we. This is certainly a cut above common; the thing is shaped to a nicety; this fits the times exactly; and cannot but suit the people. And so, our immediate fears for our good Queen Victoria and her charming family being relieved, we fell into a reverie on tailoring, the oldest of the arts, the most useful of the crafts, and, if its professors may be believed, one of the most philosophical of the sciences. It is not long since we copied the following paragraph from a book called "The Tailor's Philosophy," a kind of scientific guide-book in the art of shaping, for the use of less enlightened members of the tailor brotherhood. "What is science? We perhaps have a right to ask ourselves this question, that we may better understand a word which we so commonly use. Truth is the soul of science, and the object we search for, and 'tis by science that we find it. Then truth is demonstrated by a demonstrating power or system, which is called science, and which, in the beauty of its evidence, is a continual yielding of a knowledge of truth, in proportion to our knowledge of science itself. Science is a demonstrating medium to truth; and truth the effect of this demonstrating medium, by which it (the truth) is made known to us." After this "Be dumb, ye railers, "And never but in honour, call out Tailors!"" It certainly is strange, considering the ancientness of the calling, the usefulness of the trade, that the "Thou thread, Thou thimble . . . . Thou yard, three-quarters, half-yard, quarter, nail, "For tho' no swords they draw, no daggers shake, With a bare bodkin;" and whatever might be their weapons, history records an instance of their undaunted resolution. In 1226, 250 tailors fought in a pitched battle against an equal number of goldsmiths: many were killed and wounded on each side, but not a tailor's son amongst 'em would "give in," till the sheriffs, with the city posse comitatús apprehended the ringleaders, thirteen of whom were condemned and executed. One of the greatest heroes of olden time, Sir John Hawkwood, better known as "John of the Needle," was brought up on a tailor's shop-board; but hurried on by an impulse too strong for resistance, he enlisted in the foreign wars, was distinguished by indomitable valour, received the honour of knighthood from the hands of our Black Prince, married the daughter of the Duke of Milan, lived in wealth and glory, and died in honour. The very name of the tailors, their ancient name, is inspiriting. "Linen Armourers" they were called: armourers! the very term fills you with glowing and heroic feelings; and though not so happy in his cognomen as the "falcon of the wood" to whose achievements we have just referred, is there one in a thousand unacquainted with that magnanimous brother of the craft who rejoiced in the euphonious appellation of Feeble? Fal. battle, as thou hast done in a woman's petticoat? Fee. I will do my good will, you can have no more. Well said, good woman's tailor! well said, courageous You may: but if he had been a man's tailor, he would stays, and frills, and furbelows, and hoops, and have pricked you. Wilt thou make as many holes in an enemy's farthingales; then indeed the manifold plaitings and puckerings, necessary to be wrought in buckram and other almost impenetrable materials, became too much for female strength to accomplish, and the whole art of dress, with the exception of the finest embroideries, appears to have been committed to masculine fingers, as is evident from the frequent mention of "women's tailors," in works of that time. magnanimous mouse. Prick the woman's tailor." Nor is the tailor's craft deficient in dignity; for no other trade can boast so much royal and noble blood. Well may it be a common observation, that "His mien is noble, and bespeaks the tailor," when we find that no less than ten kings of England,1 three princes, twenty-seven bishops, twenty-six dukes, forty-seven carls, eighty-one lords, and (mirabile dictu!) sixteen lord mayors have courted entrance into their brotherhood. Many controversies have arisen between the tailors and the gardeners, as to the antiquity of their respective crafts; all other trades yielding precedence to these. The gardeners say that Adam practised their profession while in a state of innocence in Eden. This the tailors strenuously deny, and assert that until the faux pas of Eve, the happy pair lived completely in the style of a modern gentleman and his wife (with the exception of their not having separate establishments); that they did not so much as make their own beds (garden beds, of course) until after their expulsion from Paradise; and that consequently the fig-leaf apron was the product of their first manual labour. That this was an operation connected with the tailoring department, few can doubt. Whether Adam actually put his hand to the manufacture of this garment, we cannot positively affirm. As far as we can judge from the premises submitted to us, we should rather incline to the opinion that he merely superintended the work; for in very early times it appears that this profession was chiefly exercised by women, as is evident from scriptural and classical passages. The loose and flowing garments of the ancient world would be work suited to the soft and taper fingers of the fair sex, when dresses were "Tho' close, yet easy; decent, but not dull; Short, but not scanty; without buckram, full." That a tailor is only the ninth part of a man-or in other words, that it takes nine tailors to make a man; and that the most heroic of them, even the valiant Sir John Hawkwood himself, could only say that "The ninth part of Brutus struts in me,”—is an opinion diffused through the wide world. It is uncontroverted, and has been embraced, not by the ignorant and vulgar merely, but by some of the cleverest and best informed men. For instance, by Curran, the Irish barrister. He is known to have been a shrewd and clear-sighted man, and therefore his sentiments on the subject cannot but be received with respect. It is recorded that on a certain occasion, he was the much honoured guest of eighteen tailors; and on leaving the convivial circle after dinner, he made a low bow, saying very explicitly, "Gentlemen, I have the honour to wish you both good evening." Though this will doubtless be considered, even by the most sceptical, as convincing proof of the truth of the adage, that it requires "nine tailors to make a man," still it hardly accounts satisfactorily for the circumstances. Some say it is because it requires nine tailors to build up a modern dandy; but that this is not the meaning is evident from the stress the proverb lays upon the word man: nine tailors make a MAN; here it is evident the word man is not used in its generic sense as denoting one of the human race; homo, a man, or a dandy, or a woman ; but in the sense of vir-a real bona fide man. The derivation of the word tailor is an awkward one; it is from tailler to cut, or prune, and is generally supposed to bear some reference to those prunings which gave origin to the now classical word, CABBAGE. But when, in the progress of fashion, the male animal This propensity to, or rather this innate necessity for began to encase his legs in those "indispensable re- cabbaging, which influences the tailor of all ages and quisites for gentlemen," those "continuations," to countries, is said to have originated in a theft of a which modern delicacy forbids any thing more than peculiar description committed by a tailor on himself. the most distant allusion to be made; and when the The incident is detailed very circumstantially, but too tail, which Lord Monboddo asserts has been worn diffusely for quotation, in an old work, an editio away from the dorsal region, began by human in-princeps, which we have seen. Here the tailor makes genuity to be appended to his upper vestment; and an excursion to hell, as did Æneas before him, and when the ladies, following the example of the lords there loses his conscience. So that cabbaging is of the creation, began to distort the proportions really indispensable. which nature had assigned to them, to squeeze in one part unnaturally, to inflate another, in fact to take Vestris rather than Venus as their model of female perfection, and to exchange the ease and which nature loves for the discomfort of starch and grace The Livery Companies of London, of which the Merchant Taylors is one of the most considerable and one of the most ancient, derive their origin from the old associations called Gilds. These were both ecclesiastical and secular; but with the secular ones were combined many religious observances, formerly (1) Edward III, and IV: Richard II. and III: Henry IV. V. rigidly adhered to. VI. and VII: Charles I. and James II. The Fishmongers and the Linen Armourers obtained |