PRINCIPAL RIVERS OF SCOTLAND,

WITH THE CHIEF TOWNS SITUATED ON OR NEAR THEM.

The letters A, B, &c., denote the Rivers on the Outline Map; and the figures 1, 2, &c., indicate the position of the Towns.

RIVERS FLOWING INTO THE NORTH CHANNEL AND IRISH SEA. Troon 56, Ardrossan 57, Brodick 58, Rothesay 59, Dunoon 60, Greenock 61, Port Glasgow 62, Dumbarton 63, Ren-frew 64, Glasgow 65, Hamilton 66,. Lanark 67.

U. Frith of Clyde and
River Clyde.

Ayr,

Irvine,

White Cart,

V. Girvan,
Cree,

Y. Solway Frith,

Dee,

Nith,

Annan,

AA. Tyne,

Z. Tweed, .

Ayr 68, Muirkirk 69.

Irvine 70, Kilmarnock 71.

Paisley 72, Johnston (Black Cart, 73).
Girvan 76.

Newtown-Stewart 79.

INTO THE NORTH SEA AND ATLANTIC OCEAN.

Berwick (in England) 86, Coldstream 87,
Kelso 88, Melrose 89, Peebles 90.

L. Nairn,

Greenlaw 91.

Hawick 92, Jedburgh (Jed) 93.

Galashiels 95.

Selkirk 96.

Largo 1, Portobello 2, Dysart 3, Kirkaldy 4, EDINBURGH and Leith 5, Bo'ness 6, Alloa 7, Stirling 8.

Leven 9, Kinross 10.

Musselburgh 11, Dalkeith 12.

Clackmannan 14.

Dunblane 15.

Cupar 16.

Dundee 17, Perth 18, Dunkeld 19, Aber

feldy 20, Kenmore 21.

Crieff 22.

Montrose 25, Brechin 26.

Aberdeen, 27, Balmoral 28.

Old Aberdeen 29, Inverury 30.

Banff 33, Huntly 34.

Fochabers 36, Rothes 37.

Forres 39.

Nairn 40.

M. Inverness, Frith, and (Fort George 41, Fortrose 42, Inverness

IRELAND.

IRELAND lies in the Atlantic Ocean to the west of Great Britain, from which it is separated by St. George's Channel on the south-east; by the Irish Sea on the east; and by the North Channel on the north-east.

Its length from Fair Head in Antrim, to Mizen Head in Cork, is about 300 miles; and its breadth from Howth Head in Dublin, to Slyne Head in Galway, is about 170 miles."

Its AREA is 32,524 square miles (of which 711 are water), and its POPULATION in 1881, amounted to 5,159,839. (See note, p. 270.)

Ireland is divided into four provinces-Leinster in the east, Ulster in the north, Munster in the south, and Connaught in the west. These provinces are subdivided into thirty-two COUNTIES, which, with their principal towns are as follow:

Counties.

Maritime,

Donegal,

Londonderry,

Antrim,

Down,

Inland, 5 Armagh,

ULSTER, NINE COUNTIES.

Principal Towns.

. Lifford, 600 (Foyle); Letterkenny, 2,100 (Swilly); Donegal, 1,400 (Eask); Ballyshannon, 3,000 (Erne).

Londonderry, 29,000 (Foyle); Newtownlimavady, 3,000 (Roe); Coleraine, 6,600 (Lower Bann); Kilrea, 1,000 (near Lower Bann); Magherafelt, 1,400 (near Moyola); Maghera, 1,200.

Belfast, 208,000, Lisburn, 11,000 (Lagan); Antrim, 2,000 (Sixmilewater); Ballymena, 8,000 (Braid); Larne, 3,300 (L. Larne); Carrickfergus,b 10,000 (Belfast L.)

Downpatrick, 4,000 (Quoyle); Donaghadee, 2,200 (Coast); Bangor 2,200, Holywood, 3,500 (Belfast L.); Dromore, 2,300 (Lagan); Banbridge, 5,600 (Bann); Newry, 15,000 (Newry Canal); Newtownards, 9,400 (Strangford L.)

Armagh, 9,500 (near Callan); Lurgan, 10,600 (near
L. Neagh); Portadown, 6,600 (Upper Bann).

a Ireland lies between 51° 26′ and 55° 21′ north latitude; and between 5°26′ and 10o 29' west longitude. Dunmore Head is its most westerly, and the eastern extremity of the coast of Down, its most easterly point. b Carraig or Craig means a rock; also, a castle or town built on, or near a rock. Hence Carrickfergus, the castle of Fergus (built on a rock Carrick-on-Suir, Carrick-on-Shannon, &c.

Principal Towns.

Monaghan, 3,600, Clones, 2,200 (Ulster Canal); Castleblayney, 1,800 (near Fane); Carrickmacross, 2,000.

Cavan, 3,500 (near Erne); Belturbet, 1,600 (Erne); Cootehill, 1,800 (Cootehill R.); Bailieborough, 1,300, Kingscourt, 1,000.

Enniskillen, 5,900 (Erne).

Omagh, 3,700 (Strule); Strabane, 4,600 (Mourne); Cookstown, 3,600 (Ballinderry); Dungannon, 4,100

LEINSTER, TWELVE COUNTIES.

Dundalk, 12,300 (Castletown R.); Drogheda, 14,500 (Boyne); Ardee, 3,000 (Dee); Carlingford, 1,000 (Carlingford B.)

Trim, 2,200, Navan, 4,000 (Boyne); Kells, 3,000 (Blackwater).

DUBLIN, 249,500 (Liffey); Kingstown, 18,200, Balbriggan,b 2,300 (Coast).

Wicklow, 3,200 (near Vartry); Arklow, 5,200 (Avoca); Rathdrum, 900 (Avonmore); Bray, 6,000 (Bray River); Baltinglass, 1,200 (Slaney). Wexford, 12,000, Enniscorthy, 5,500 (Slaney); New Ross, 6,700 (Barrow); Gorey, 2,600.

Naas, 3,600 (Grand Canal); Athy, 4,500 (Barrow);
Maynooth, 1,400 (R. Canal); Kildare, 1,300.
Carlow, 7,000, Bagnalstown, 2,300, Leighlin-bridge,
1,000 (Barrow); Tullow, 2,100 (Slaney).

Kilkenny, 15,000 (Nore); Callan, 2,300 (King's R.);
Castlecomer 1,300 (Dinin).

a Ennis, from the Irish inis or inch, the root of which is the Latin insula, an island. Hence Innismore, the great island; Innisbeg, the little island; Innishowen, the island of Owen; Enniskillen, Innismagrath, Enniscorthy, &c.

b Balbriggan.-The term Bally or Bal is from the Irish or Celtic word baile, a town or village; also, a townland. Hence its frequent occurrence in the names of places in Ireland; as Ballymore, that is, the great town; Ballinrobe, the town on the Robe; Ballinahinch, the town on the island; Ballymoney, the town on the bog; Ballintra, the town on the strand, or Strandtown.

Principal Towns.

Maryborough, 2,700; Portarlington, 2,400 (Bar-
row); Mountmellick, 3,300 (near Barrow);
Mountrath, 2,000 (near Nore).

Tullamore, 5,100 (Tullamore R. and G. Canal);
Philipstown, 800, Edenderry, 2,000 (G. Canal):
Banagher, 1,200 (Shannon); Birr or Parsons-
town, 5,000 (Lower Brosna).

Mullingar, 5,100 (Brosna and Royal Canal);
Athlone, 5,700 (Shannon); Kilbeggan, 1,000
(Brosna); Moate, 1,500.

Longford, 4,700 (Camlin); Ballymahon, 1,000 (Inny); Edgeworthstown, 1,000; Granard, 2,300.

MUNSTER, SIX COUNTIES.

Waterford, 29,000 (Suir); Portlaw, 3,800 (Clodiagh); Dungarvan, 7,400 (Dungarvan Harbour); Lismore, 2,000 (Blackwater).

Cork, 97,500, Queenstown, 10,300 (Lee); Bantry, 2,400 (Bantry B.); Skibbereen, 3,700 (Ilen); Clonakilty, 2,500 (Clonakilty B.); Kinsale, 5,500, Bandon, 6,000 (Bandon); Youghal, 6,000, Fermoy, 7,300, Mallow, 4,400 (Blackwater).

Tralee,a 9,500 (Lee) Listowel, 2,300 (Feale); Dingle, 2,200 (Dingle B.); Killarney, 5,200 (Killarney Lake).

Ennis, 6,300 (Fergus); Kilkee, 1,600 (Coast); Kilrush, 4,400, Killaloe, 1,500 (Shannon).

Limerick, 48,200 (Shannon); Askeaton, 1,400, Rathkeale, 2,500 (Deel); Newcastle, 2,100 (Arra, trib. of Deel).

Clonmel, 10,100, Carrick-on-Suir, 7,800, Cahir, 27,00, Thurles, 5,000 (Suir); Templemore. 3,500 (near Suir); Tipperary, 5,600 (Ara); Nenagh, 5,700 (Nenagh R.); Roscrea 3,000 (Bunow, trib. of Little Brosna); Cashel, 4;500.

a Tralee, that is, the strand (traigh) of the Legh or Lee. Compare Tramore, the great strand, &c.

b Kill, a cell (cella, L.); a church, a church-yard or burying-place. Hence Kilkenny, that is, the church of Kenny or St. Canice; Kilpatrick, the church of Patrick; Kilbride, the church of St. Bride or Bridget; Kilmore, the great church; Kildare, the church of the oak. But as

kill (coille, Gaelic) also signifies a wood, perhaps Kildare means the wood of oaks (darech). From the preceding root are derived Derry and Derg.

CONNAUGHT, FIVE COUNTIES.

Principal Towns.

Galway, 19,000 (Galway B.); Tuam, 4,200 (trib. of Clare); Loughrea, 3,000 (L. Rea): Ballinasloe, 5,000 (Suck); Portumna, 1,200 (Lough Corrib). Castlebar, 3,500 (Castlebar); Ballinrobe, 2,600 (Robe); Westport, 4,400 (Carrowbeg); Ballina, 5,800 (Moy).

Sligo, 10,600 (Garrogue); Ballymote, 1,200.

Carrick-on-Shannon, 1,440 (Shannon); Manorhamilton, 1,000 (Bonet).

Roscommon, 2,400; Boyle, 3,500 (Boyle).

PRINCIPAL TOWNS.-Dublin, the metropolis of Ireland, is in rank, and importance, the second city in the British Isles, and one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. The elegance of its buildings, the beauty of its bay, and the picturesque scenery of the surrounding country, are greatly and justly admired. It is the see of an archbishop, the seat of a university, and the residence of the Viceroy or Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. It has an extensive trade; but a large portion of its foreign commerce is transacted through Liverpool and London. The population of Dublin, exclusive of the suburban townships, which contained 70,850 persons, was 249,500 in 1881. Kingstown, 7 miles from Dublin, is rapidly increasing in size and importance. It is noted for its Royal Harbour, which serves as a safety port, not only for Dublin, but also for the whole eastern coast of Ireland; for merchant vessels of the largest class can enter it in any state of the tide. It is the mailpacket station between Dublin and Holyhead. Kingstown is also noted for its excellent sea-bathing, and the beauty of its surrounding scenery.

Belfast is the most flourishing and rapidly increasing town in Ireland. Less than a century ago it was a small and unimportant town, and it is now, in population, manufactures, and commerce, the second in the kingdom. It is the centre of the linen manufacture of Ulster, and also of the sewed muslin trade, which gives employment to thousands of females in all parts of the province. It is also most extensively engaged in the flax and cotton spinning trade. Cork, which is considered the third city in Ireland, is distinguished for its unrivalled harbour, and its extensive commerce. It is the principal seat of the provision trade in the south of Ireland. It is also the seat of one of the Queen's Colleges. Galway, situated on a fine bay called by its name, is the largest and most important town in Connaught. It is the seat of one of the Queen's Colleges. The bay of Galway with its harbour offer great advantages for an extended commerce. Limerick, on the Shannon,