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after the Great War we are to be called upon to play a new part in world affairs calling for larger homogeneity and national purpose on the part of our people; and if we are soon to undertake new educational

entered upon an era of conservation during which we must live on the increase of nature's products that our own hands have secured for us; no longer something for nothing, but everything for care and forethought and the application of science to bettering the condi

tions of life.

The primary assumption should be that the region where farmers live is an agricultural community-not a howling wilderness or a hunting preserve.

efforts along agricultural, industrial, technical and political lines, as now seems certain, it is of fundamental importance that we eliminate from the organization and administration of our schools these features which stand as serious obstacles to their development on a thoroughly professional basis. We must also so shape their administration as to offer good inducements to the best of our men and women to make careful preparation for public service as school administrators, and we must assure them entrance to the work on the basis of preparation and competency, a chance to perform useful and unobstructed service, provided, and these places should be publicly

and the possibility of desirable life careers in the work. That this is not the case today in our county and state educational service, or even in our city educational service to the extent that is desired, is largely due to the obstacles to educational progress, chiefly of a political and provincial type, which I have just enumerated. ELLWOOD P. CUBBERLEY

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

HUNTER OR HUSBANDMAN 1

THE assumption that all the wild life growing upon the land belongs to all the people, and that any one who can do so is free to take it, is, of course, a direct inheritance from the day when all the game belonged to the king; when the king could do no wrong. We, the people, have succeeded the king. We have acquired his rights and privileges-his right to kill, his right to overrun the fields of the farmer, his right to get something for nothing.

We need now to recognize that the day of wanton exploitation is past, and that we have

1 Extract from an address recently delivered before an audience of farmers at the New York State College of Agriculture.

Hunting there must be to satisfy the human craving for sport-sport of a kind that is normal to the growing up of every youth, and that is a legitimate part of a man's recreation. But hunting is, at best, a savage sport that is pursued with dangerous weapons; and it should be pursued in civilized society only in places set aside for the purpose. The farmer should possess his farm in peace. The part of the public that desires to hunt should have proper places

marked for hunting; and peaceful farms where the wild life is treasured should not have to be marked against it. As there are public waters stocked by the state in which any one may fish, so there should be public game and forest preserves where one may hunt.

The farmers want freedom from the nuisance of the hunters who are merely raiders and economic pirates, and should unite to secure it. Every man's farm should be his own, free from ravage by hunters, free from menace by guns. All its wild products should be in his own keeping, subject only to his neighbor's interests, rights and welfare. The farmer should be free to raise on his farm any kind of plant or animal without permit or license from any source. Such artificial barriers ought not to obstruct the path of forward-looking agricultural enterprises.

The conservation measures that will best secure these ends are those which will protect and preserve the wild life in suitable places and provide hunting for the future; for men will hunt, and many of the farmers themselves desire this sport. The measures already before us that will go farthest toward removing the hunter from the farmer's premises are these:

1. State game farms, where wild game may be propagated, for distribution to public and private preserves.

2. Reserves, where the wild life may be maintained-forest and game preserves.

There should be not only one great state preserve like the Adirondack State Park, but every county in the state of New York should have its own smaller reserve, made out of the waste land that is still cheap and available. There is land in every county of the state that would be of far more worth if put to raising timber and game. We have talked much about reforestation: we have practised it little.

Portions of such public reserves should be kept as sanctuaries, free alike from the hunter, the lumberman and the engineer; and in these every wild thing, not harmful to the public, should find a place, and should be let alone. These places would serve as centers of natural propagation and dispersal for wild game species; but they would also keep from extermination many other things in which the hunter is not interested.

They would serve the interests of the public at large by preserving to future generations some of the wealth of life with which nature has endowed our country. There are three important reasons why it should be preserved:

1. Its esthetic value. Many of the wild things, both plants and animals, are interesting and wonderfully beautiful.

2. Its educational value: many of these things are important for teaching purposes; and the youth has a right to know what the native life of his native land was like; otherwise he will not be able to understand its early history.

3. Its possibilities of undeveloped economic values. We are only at the beginning of knowledge how to best utilize our natural resources. We should not exterminate the wild species. We do not know what use the future will have for them. Though they are all products of the evolution of the ages, they may be quickly destroyed, as the history of the passing of the wild pigeon shows. Once gone, they are gone forever. The interest that the public has in keeping them is in the long run far

more important than the interest of the hunter in shooting or the farmer in raising crops. JAMES G. NEEDHAM

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

SCIENTIFIC EVENTS

THE TEACHERS' SCHOOL OF SCIENCE THE Teachers' School of Science, Boston, announces a summer excursion to Alaska under the charge of Professor Geo. H. Barton. The party will leave Boston on July 6, and after a visit to Toronto, will pass through Lakes Huron and Superior, making a short stop at Sault Ste. Marie. It will then visit Fort Williams and Winnipeg, and spend four days at Jasper Park in the Mount Robson region, thence to Prince Rupert, along the Skeena River to Skagway by steamer, via the Inside Passage and the Lynn Canal (fiord), stopping at Wrangall and Juneau. The party will then go by rail over the White Pass and down the Yukon to Dawson by steamer. Returning, the party will visit Lake Atlin, Vancouver, Seattle and Tacoma, spend three days at Mount Ranier and five days in Glacier National Park. A day each will be spent in Chicago and Toronto, and thence the journey will be by steamer through the Thousand Islands and the Lachine Rapids to Montreal and rail to Boston.

The school will also give its annual field lessons in geology and botany. The schedule of the courses follows:

April 21, Fitchburg-Tourmaline crystals, beryl, mica, feldspar; bathylith, granite, concentric jointing; a monadnock.

April 28, Medford-Decomposition and disintegration (exceptional); frost action, talus. May 5, Hudson-Bed of dolomite in mica schist, with wernerite, sahlite, titanite, etc.; drumlins and channels of a glacial stream. May 12, Quincy-Bathylith, granite, erupted into Cambrian slates with much contact phenomena. May 19, Cedar Grove-Transverse fault; anticlinal fold; melaphyr, tuffs, shale.

May 26, Brighton-Old lava flows; igneous intrusions and dykes; amygdaloidal melaphyr; quartz, epidote, calcite, etc., alteration minerals. May 30, Annual Field Reunion, Wayside Inn and

Nobscot.

June 2, Newton Center-Contemporaneous bed; overturned fold; thrust faults, joints. June 9, 10, Mts. Tom and Holyoke, Connecticut Valley-Differential erosion; trap and sandstone; reptile footprints; volcanic bombs, etc. June 17, Atlantic-Stratification folds, cleavage; puddingstone, sandstone, shales, tillite. June 24, Nantasket-Interbedded tuffs and melaphyr; intersection dykes, baked slates.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN MEDICAL SCHOOL AND NATIONAL SERVICE

THE faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School on April 2, 1917, passed the following resolutions:

1. It is the opinion of the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School that in meeting the demands for medical officers in the national service, the military authorities should give first preference for enlistment to the members of the medical classes of the past two years, viz.: 1915 and 1916.

Note. These young men have recently finished their medical courses and having taken in part or altogether their hospital training, should have the latest and best information in scientific medicine, and not having as yet established themselves in practise, are best fitted to be selected for military service.

2. In view of the probably urgent demands for trained medical men, the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School desires to place itself on record as being ready and willing to make its courses of instruction continuous through the summers of 1917 and 1918. This proposition will be submitted to the various state boards of licensure for their approval.

Note. If this provision goes into effect, a week after the close of the present session, the session of 1917-18 will begin. Those who are now juniors will become seniors and may be graduated in January, 1918.

Note. In taking this step, not only the military demands upon the medical profession, but civil demands as well are taken into consideration.

3. Taking into consideration the future needs of the country for trained medical men, it is the opinion of the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School that it is

advisable for the undergraduate medical students to complete their course of instruction and not to enlist.

4. The faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School recommends that not less than two hours per week be set aside for the military drill of undergraduate students, and that in addition to the ordinary infantry drill, we recommend training along the lines developed by the Clinical Society of Albany, and known as the 66 Albany Plan."

Note. The medical officer should first of all be a soldier. This is necessary in order to make him most efficient as a medical officer.

5. That copies of these resolutions be furnished for suggestions of approval or disapproval to the following bodies:

(1) The surgeons general of the army and

navy.

(2) The National Medical Committee on Preparedness.

(3) The National Research Council. (4) The faculties of other medical schools. 6. That a list of the graduates of the classes of 1915 and 1916, with their standing while in the school and their present addresses, be sent immediately to the surgeons general of the army and navy.

BRITISH GOVERNMENT GRANTS FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

When the establishment of a separate department of scientific and industrial research was announced in December last, Lord Crewe stated that the Chancellor of the Exchequer was prepared to advise the government to devote a sufficient sum to cover operations during the next five years on a scale which would provide four, or perhaps five, times as much for cooperative industrial research as had been spent for the whole purposes of research hitherto. We learn from Nature that the civil service estimates just issued include the sum of £1,038,050 to the department of scientific and industrial research, being a net increase of £998,050 upon last year's amount. Grants for investigations carried out by learned and scientific societies, etc., are estimated at £24,000, and grants to students and other persons

engaged in research at £6,000. These grants will be distributed by a committee of the privy council, on the recommendation of the advisory council, to promote the development of scientific and industrial research in the United Kingdom, and will be subject to such conditions as the committee may think necessary. The £1,000,000 grant in aid of industrial research will be paid to the account of the Imperial Trust for the encouragement of scientific and industrial research. The expenditure of the trust will be audited by the comptroller and auditor-general, but any balance remaining on the account will not be surrendered at the close of the financial year. Grants will be made by the directions of the committee of the privy council over an agreed period to approved trade associations for research, to supplement the funds of the associations, and payments in respect of such grants will not be liable to surrender by the grantees at the end of the financial year. We understood from Lord Crewe's remarks on December 1 that for the next five years or so about £200,000 a year would be available for scientific and industrial research, so that apparently the grant of £1,000,000 is the sum which is to be drawn upon for this purpose. The amount estimated for salaries, wages and allowances in the new department is £7,250, which includes £1,500 for the secretary and £850 for the assistant secretary. Travelling and incidental expenses are estimated to amount to £800.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS THE annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, arranged to be held at Bournemouth in September next, has been cancelled. The two main considerations which have led to this decision are the restriction of railway communication and difficulties of accommodation on account of buildings being required for various national purposes. There will probably be a meeting of the general committee of the association in London to receive reports and transact other business. The annual meeting

will therefore be intermitted for the first time in the history of the association since 1831.

ACCORDING to a cable from Paris received at Washington on March 29, the Gaudry prize has been awarded by the Geological Society of France to Dr. Charles D. Walcott, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. This medal was established by the will of the late Professor Albert Gaudry.

PROFESSOR C. S. SHERRINGTON, Waynflete professor of physiology in the University of Oxford, has been elected a corresponding member of the Bologna Academy of Sciences.

PROFESSOR FREDERICK E. CLEMENTS has resigned the chair of botany at the University of Minnesota to accept a position with the Carnegie Institution of Washington.

PROFESSOR ALBERT SAUVEUR, professor of metallurgy and metallography of Harvard University, has been given leave of absence for the first half of 1917-18.

DR. J. F. ILLINGWORTH, professor of entomology, College of Hawaii, Honolulu, has been granted a leave of absence for three years, in order that he may carry on investigations for the Queensland government. His headquarters will be at Gordonvale, Cairns, North Queensland, in the midst of the sugar growing section. An experiment station is to be developed, primarily for the study of the grubpest, which is such a scourge in certain canegrowing areas.

IT is announced that Mr. A. D. Hall has been appointed permanent secretary to the British Board of Agriculture in succession to Sir Sydney Oliver, K.C.M.G., now resigned.

PROFESSOR W. J. CROOK has resigned from the South Dakota State School of Mines to engage in practical work.

MR. ALESSANDRO FABBRI has been appointed to the post of research associate in physiology in the American Museum of Natural History.

SIR W. E. GARSTIN and Major-General Sir G. K. Scott-Moncrieff have been elected honorary members of the Institution of Civil Engineers of Great Britain.

DR. DOUGLAS W. FRESHFIELD, president of the Royal Geographical Society, has been

elected an honorary member of the Russian Geographical Society.

SIR ERNEST RUTHERFORD, professor of physics, University of Manchester, has been elected a member of the Athenæum Club for eminence in science.

Ar a recent meeting of the Royal Geographical Society the president (Mr. Douglas Freshfield) announced that the king had approved of the award of the Royal Medals for the present year as follows:

The Founders' Medal to Commander D. G. Hogarth, for his explorations and other geographical work in Asiatic Turkey, 1887-1911.

The Patrons' Medal to Brigadier-General Rawling, for his explorations in western Tibet and Rudok, 1903; his journey from Gyanste to Simla via Gartok, and his exploration in New Guinea, 1908.

The Victoria Medal is awarded to Dr. J. Scott Keltie for his eminent services to geography during his secretaryship of the society.

The other awards are as follows:

The Murchison grant to Rai Bahadur Lal Singh for his devoted work as surveyor to the expedition of Sir Aurel Stein.

The Back grant to the Rev. Walter Weston for his travels and explorations in the Japanese Alps -a district previously unknown to Europeans.

The Cuthbert Peak grant to Dr. A. M. Kollas for his explorations and ascent of new peaks in Sikkim and his investigation of the effects of high altitude.

The Gill Memorial to Mr. E. C. Wilton for his geographical work in southwestern China.

MR. HUBERT JARVIS, assistant entomologist of Queensland, made a trip to Hawaii during February. In spite of the brief time that Mr. Jarvis spent in the islands he was very successful in his mission, which was the securing of a considerable stock of the lantana Agromyzid flies for his government. The signal success of these flies in Hawaii, in preventing the seeding of this most troublesome weed, has led other countries to seek similar relief. This Agromyzid, which apparently is an unnamed species, was introduced into the Hawaiian Islands by Mr. Albert Koebele, many years ago.

THE directors of the Fenger Memorial Association have made a grant of $400 to Pierce

McKenzie for support of chemical and other work under the direction of Dr. E. R. LeCount. He will study the brain and other tissues from cases of heat stroke in order to determine, if possible, better than now known, the cause of the high temperature in this condition.

THE Lane Medical lectures at Stanford University for the year 1917 will be delivered by Dr. Simon Flexner, director of the laboratories of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, during the week beginning on October 8. There will be five lectures in all and they will be given on consecutive evenings, at 8 o'clock. The subject of the series will be: "Physical Basis and present Status of Specific Serum and Drug Therapy."

PROFESSOR MARTIN H. FISCHER, of the University of Cincinnati, addressed the New York Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, on April 13, on "Some Technical Aspects of Colloid Emulsion Chemistry."

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ON March 20 Dr. David D. Whitney, of the University of Nebraska, delivered an address before the Science Club of the Kansas State Agricultural College on The Determination of Sex." This address is the first of a series of addresses on scientific subjects of popular interest planned by the club this spring.

DR. ALEXANDER SCOTT, the retiring president of the British Chemical Society, delivered an address entitled "The Atomic Theory" at the annual meeting on March 29.

SIR J. WOLFE BARRY will deliver the "James Forrest " lecture before the British Institution of Civil Engineers on May 2, taking as his subject, "The Standardization of Engineering Materials and its Influence on the Trade and Prosperity of the Country."

LECTURES to be given at the Royal Institution, London, include two by Professor C. S. Sherrington, on "Tetanus: Its Prevention, Symptoms and Treatment," and on "Rhythmic Action in Muscle and in Nerve." Professor D'Arcy W. Thompson will give two lectures on laws of growth and form; and Professor William Bateson two on (6 Heredity." Among the Friday discourses will be one on the organs of hearing in relation to war by

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