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MR McCULLOCH'S PUBLICATIONS.

In addition to this Treatise, Mr McCULLOCH has published the following Works, viz. :—

1. A DICTIONARY, PRACTICAL, THEORETICAL, AND HISTORICAL, OF COMMERCE AND COMMERCIAL NAVIGATION. A new and improved Edition, in one very thick volume Svo, illustrated with Maps and Plans. London, 1852.

2. A DICTIONARY, GEOGRAPHICAL, STATISTICAL, AND HISTORICAL, of the various Countries, Places, and principal Natural Objects, in the World. A new and much improved Edition. 2 thick vols. 8vo. Illustrated with Maps. London, 1851.

3. A DESCRIPTIVE AND STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE, exhibiting its Extent, Physical Capacities, Population, Industry, and Civil and Religious Institutions. Third and greatly improved Edition. 2 thick vols. 8vo. London, 1847.

4. SMITH'S WEALTH OF NATIONS; with a Life of the Author, Notes, and Supplemental Dissertations. New Edition. 1 vol. 8vo, double columns. London, 1850.

5. THE PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY; with some Inquiries respecting their Application, and a Sketch of the Rise and Progress of the Science. Fourth and amended Edition. 1 vol. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1849.

CHAPTER VI.

Hiring by Time and by Piece-work. Advantages of the latter. Inexpediency of making Wages depend on the results of undertakings,

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CHAPTER VII.

Law for repressing Combinations among Workmen repealed in 1824. Impolicy of that law. Its real effect. Voluntary Combinations ought not to be forcibly suppressed. Necessity of adopting vigorous measures for preventing one set of Workmen from obstructing others in their Employments,

CHAPTER VIII.

Interests of the Labourers promoted, and their Condition improved, by increased facilities of Production and Exchange. Circumstances which have conspired to prevent the Inventions and Discoveries of the last half-century from effecting a greater change for the better in the Condition of the Labourers. Influence of Taxation,

CHAPTER IX.

Friendly Societies. Savings Banks. Advantages of these Institutions,

PAGE

69

74

89

99

CHAPTER X.

Influence of Poor-Laws over the Condition of the Labourers,

108

CHAPTER XI.

Education,

110

MR McCULLOCH'S PUBLICATIONS.

In addition to this Treatise, Mr McCULLOCH has published the following Works, viz. :—

1. A DICTIONARY, PRACTICAL, THEORETICAL, AND HISTORICAL, OF COMMERCE AND COMMERCIAL NAVIGATION. A new and improved Edition, in one very thick volume Svo, illustrated with Maps and Plans. London, 1852.

2. A DICTIONARY, GEOGRAPHICAL, STATISTICAL, AND HISTORICAL, of the various Countries, Places, and principal Natural Objects, in the World. A new and much improved Edition. 2 thick vols. 8vo. Illustrated with Maps. London, 1851.

3. A DESCRIPTIVE AND STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE, exhibiting its Extent, Physical Capacities, Population, Industry, and Civil and Religious Institutions. Third and greatly improved Edition. 2 thick vols. 8vo. London, 1847.

4. SMITH'S WEALTH OF NATIONS; with a Life of the Author, Notes, and Supplemental Dissertations. New Edition. 1 vol. 8vo, double columns. London, 1850.

5. THE PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY; with some Inquiries respecting their Application, and a Sketch of the Rise and Progress of the Science. Fourth and amended Edition. 1 vol. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1849.

6. A TREATISE ON THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICAL INFLUENCE OF TAXATION AND THE FUNDING SYSTEM. The second Edition, enlarged and improved. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1852.

7. THE LITERATURE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY: a Classified Catalogue of Select Publications in the different Departments of that Science, with Historical, Critical, and Biographical Notices. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1845.

8. A TREATISE ON THE SUCCESSION TO PROPERTY VACANT BY DEATH; including Inquiries into the Influence of Primogeniture, Entail, Compulsory Partitions, Foundations, &c., over the Public Interests. 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1848.

ON THE

CIRCUMSTANCES

WHICH DETERMINE

THE RATE OF WAGE S.

WAGES Constitute the reward or compensation paid to labourers by those who employ them, in return for their services.

Taken in its widest sense, the term labourers is very comprehensive. In addition to the myriads who are engaged in agricultural, commercial, and manufacturing pursuits, it comprises all sorts of public functionaries, from the prime minister downwards, with those who crowd the ranks of what are called the learned and liberal professions. These parties, how widely soever they may differ in everything else, agree in this, that they exchange their services for valuable considerations of one sort or other. Their entire subsistence, in so far at least as they depend on their employment, is derived from wages; and they are as evidently labourers as if they handled a shuttle or a spade, or held a plough. Even those to whom ample fortunes have descended, are not exempted from the necessity of exertion. The duties and obligations which property brings along with it, are not a little onerous. The judicious management of a large estate, or other property, requires much care and circumspection. Without this, it will probably be wasted or dissipated; and, at all

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