found, where we must wait upon chance, and where a result produced in past experience is now intentionally made a goal of endeavour.] R. Mueller-Freienfels. 'Der Einfluss der Gefühle und motorischen Faktoren auf Assoziation und Denken.' [Polemic against the associationist psychology. What mind conserves, and what is active in mind, is not the intellectual idea, but rather the attitude, which shows itself in feeling, motor tendency, motor adaptation, etc. Speech, in particular, is a motor function and does not give rise to 'verbal ideas'.] W. Wirth. Eine Bemerkung von G. F. Lipps zu den mathematischen Grundlagen der sog. unmittelbaren Behandlung psychophysischer Resultate kritisch erörtert.' [Müller's point of departure is not only admissible; it is also the sole generally valid starting-point, and has practical advantages.] Literaturbericht.

ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR PSYCHOLOGIE. Bd. lxiv., Heft 1 u. 2. G. Heymans. 'In Sachen des psychischen Monismus, ii. Psychischer Monismus und "Psychical Research". [Argues in detail that the facts of telepathy and spirit-communication, if they are facts, square better with psychical monism than with McDougall's animism.] P. Meyer. Über die Reproduktion eingeprägter Figuren und ihrer räumlichen Stellungen bei Kindern und Erwachsenen.' [Experiments with simple nonsenseforms. Children from seven years of age are adequate to the observations; they are more liable than adults to errors of position and direction; they err oftener by underestimation and less often by overestimation of size. Impression and retention are not furthered by the sight of surrounding objects. If the space-relations between stimulus and observer are varied, various types of impression become apparent; the normal exposure is preferred.] W. Koehler. 'Akustische Untersuchungen III und IV. Vorläufige Mitteilung.' [The tonal quality s is optimal at 8400 vs.; a pure fappears at about 17,000; soft ch has been heard above 30,000 and is probably pure at about 34,000; the limit of tone therefore lies presumably between 34,000 and 68,000. In sung vowels, the vowel-quality derives not only from the partial corresponding to the vowel, but from all partials which possess the vowel-valency. Partials combine to a resultant; and what we hear out' are not 'the' partials but remnants only. The observations suggest a remodelling of the Helmholtz theory to a theory of components.] Besprechungen. [Hell, pach on Freud, Traumdeutung, etc.; Fischer on Cohn and Dieffenbacher, Geschlechts-, Alters-, und Begabungsunterschiede bei Schülern.] Literaturbericht. Der XVII. Internationale Medizinische Kongress. Kongress für Aesthetik und allgemeine Kunstwissenschaft. Bd. Ixiv., Heft 3 u. 4. C. von Maltzew. ‘Das Erkennen sukzessiv gegebener musikalischer Intervalle in den äusseren Tonregionen.' [The estimation of successive intervals depends neither on consonance (fusion) nor on distance, but on a specific experience of passage' or transition'. This experience is subject to the known laws of memory; to explain the mistakes made, however, we must add the hypothesis (borne out by other experiments) that the perception of pitch in the upper half of the 4-accented and throughout the 5-accented octave, as well as in the lower half of the contraoctave, does not accord with what one would expect from pitch-number (normal paracousia).] W. Baade. W. Baade. Über Unterbrechungsversuche als Mittel zur Unterstützung der Selbstbeobachtung: Vorläufige Mitteilung.' [Description of apparatus. Argues that, by systematic interruption of an experiment at known points, it is possible to get descriptions, by direct introspection, of processes otherwise accessible only to retrospection.] Besprechungen. [Selz on Watt's Elements of Experience; Wreschner on Dessoir's Geschichte der Psychologie.] Literaturbericht.

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Der IX. Internationale Physiologenkongress. Bd. lxiv., Heft 5 und 6. G. von Wartensleben. Über den Einfluss der Zwischenzeit auf die Reproduktion gelesener Buchstaben.' [Reproduction of tachistoscopically exposed letters at intervals of 0 to 60 sec.; experiments made to test Finzi's optimal interval of 4 sec. The optimal interval (varying from 0 to 15 sec.) cannot be sharply determined for any observer, owing to complication of conditions; and conversely an unequivocal influence of interval upon range of right reproduction cannot be made out. Interval has both a favourable and an unfavourable effect (gives time to fulfil instructions, e.g., for translation into auditory-motor symbols; gives time for conflict and vacillation, e.g., in visual imagery.] R. Mueller-Freienfels. 'Typenvorstellungen und Begriffe: Untersuchungen zur Psychologie des Denkens.' [Every perception, and therefore every idea, is intrinsically typical, general: it is then further individualised or generalised by attitude and context. A perception is constituted by unity of reaction, i.e., by a fringe of affective and motor processes; and these elements persist throughout the series of like formations. An abstract concept, e.g., is a word about which cluster feelings and dispositions to activity, determined by context; understanding and knowledge themselves are not solely intellectual, but imply essentially feeling and readiness to action.] Besprechungen. [Hellpach on Marbe's Fortschritte and Kälpe's Psychologie und Medizin.] Literaturbericht.-Bd. lxv., Heft 1 und 2. Ě. Bleuler. 'Zur Theorie der Sekundärempfindungen.' [Secondary sensations (such as appear in coloured hearing) do not depend upon childhood associations. All persons possess them in some degree; every one, e.g., finds low tones 'large' and high tones 'small '; but they do not in all cases come to clear consciousness. Since they are original and not derivative, we may suppose that the sensory cortex responds to a given stimulus by a number of specific sensations, some one of which dominates.] S. Meyer. Die Lehre von den Bewegungsvorstellungen.' [The classical doctrine of 'ideas of movement' and of 'kinæsthetic sensations' must be given up. Our inherited movements are multiplied and refined by trial and error; we thus lay up a stock of memories of motor experiences, and in course of time acquire a technique. An 'action' is a serial exercise of memory; and 'will' is a determinate complex of mental and physical processes, which appears in consciousness only as the organising (konstellierendes) factor in ideas (Ach's determination). Motor memory is unanschaulich, has no memory images; and the motor type' thus stands in sharp contrast to the 'sensory types'.] K. Groos. 'Lichterscheinungen bei Erdbeben.' [The phenomena may, at times, be objective; but they may be produced subjectively by sudden jerk of the eyes.] Literaturbericht. Notices.-Bd. lxv., Heft 3. D. Katz. Über individuelle Verschiedenheiten bei der Auffassung von Figuren: ein kasuistischer Beitrag zur Individualpsychologie.' [Distinguishes a peripheral and a central type in the direct apprehension of optical forms: the former takes the figures as given, the latter tends to interpretation. The observer of the peripheral type is a pronounced visualiser; possibly his attention is less analytic than that of the others. With time, however, he achieves a plasticity which seems to be unattainable by the central type.] C. M. Giessler. 'Der Blick des Menschen als Ausdruck seines Seelenlebens.' [Characterises the general and special forms (lingering, wandering), the directions, and the expressive content (empty, vague, concentrated) of human regard: the content depends on the mode of arousal of ideas. The eye is in general an organ of adaptation to distance, and in particular of social accommodation: in man, the high motility of the eye and the variety of facial movement bring the regard into close connexion with thought.] Literaturbericht. Kongress für Aesthetik.

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But

RIVISTA DI FILOSOFIA. Anno v., Fasc. 1, January-March, 1913. Bernardino Varisco. 'Cultura e Scetticismo.' [Culture consists in the preservation, utilisation, and continual extension of knowledge. there is nothing to know outside life, which again involves the perpetual interplay of knowledge and action. The scepticism which throws doubt on knowledge assumes a fixed absolute outside consciousness with which life has no concern, and therefore it leaves culture unaffected. The whole position, it may be observed, goes back in Britain to Alexander Bain.] Giuseppe Folchieri. Il carattere dell' opera di G. B. Vico.' [Vico's philosophy was determined at starting by its negation of the unhistorical position of Descartes. But the result was the complete fulfilment of Descartes' demands.] Costanzo Mignone. 'L'utopia della Critica Letteraria.' [As Imlac convinced Rasselas that it is impossible to be a poet, so this article proves-or attempts to prove that it is impossible to to be a literary critic, and probably with no more destructive effect.] Antioco Zucca. 'La Lotta Morale.' [Written from what would be called at Cambridge the Unanimist point of view. The author pathetically complains that to judge by the Italian philosophical reviews of recent years the most renowned thinkers cannot theorise about the universe without flinging charges of ignorance and imbecility at one another. The impression produced on the present summarist is rather that Italian professors of philosophy form a mutual admiration society.] Bibliografia, etc.-Anno v., Fasc. 2-3, April-August, 1913. Bernardino Varisco. 'La filosofia di Schopenhauer.' [Written as an introduction to a forthcoming Italian translation of the pessimist philosopher. No German metaphysician is so easy to understand or so open to attack as Schopenhauer; but neither as exposition or criticism does Varisco's somewhat abrupt, elliptical, and oracular style convey this impression.] A. Faggi. La genesi storica della logica aristotelica.' [As against the one-sided views put forward by others Faggi maintains that Aristotle's logic was concurrently determined by the demonstrative method of geometry, the dialectic method of public debate, and the inductive method of the new natural sciences.] Alessandro Padoa. Legittimità ed importanza del metodo introspettivo.' [The intropective method in psychology is valuable as furnishing data that other students can test by comparison with their own experience.] Adriano Filgher. 'Imagine e sentimento nell'opera d'arte.' [Flaubert is right when he says that the greatest artists imagine without experiencing the passions they portray. As German philosophy used to put it: Art is the identification of object and subject. Alessandro Levi. Bibliografia filosofica italiana' (1911). Note critiche, etc.

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IX.-NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE.

MIND ASSOCIATION.

There will be a joint session of the MIND Association, the Aristotelian Society, and the British Psychological Society at Durham, 3rd-6th July, 1914.

The following arrangements have been made :—

Friday, 3rd July.

7.30.-Dinner at Hatfield Hall.

9.0.-Annual Meeting of the MIND Association. President-Prof. F. B. Jevons.

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Saturday, 4th July.

10.0.-Symposium arranged by the British Psychological SocietyThe Rôle of Repression in Forgetting". Mr. T. H. Pear, Dr. T. W. Mitchell, Dr. A. Wolf, and Prof. T. Loveday.

3.0.-Paper on Freedom," by Prof. S. Alexander.

8.30. Reception in University College by Rev. Henry Gee, ViceChancellor of the University of Durham.

Sunday, 5th July.

3.0.-Symposium arranged by the Aristotelian Society-"The Status of Sense Data". Mr. G. E. Moore, Prof. G. F. Stout, and Prof. G. Dawes Hicks.

Accommodation will be provided for gentlemen in Hatfield Hall, and for ladies in the Women's Hostel, at an inclusive charge of £1 5s. from Friday afternoon until Monday morning. Breakfast will be served at 8.30, Lunch at 1, and Dinner at 7.30.

Members intending to be present are requested to make early application to Dr. H. Wildon Carr, 10 More's Garden, Chelsea, S. W., and in any case before 22nd June.

A Member desiring accommodation for a visitor must make special application, giving name and address.

The papers for discussion will be sent by post on 29th June to those who have made application to Dr. Carr.

The following have joined the MIND Association since the printing of last number:

Miss H. D. Oakeley, 15 Launceston Place, Kensington, W.
Miss F. R. Shields, 3 Endsleigh Gardens, N.W.

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF PHILOSOPHY.

The preliminary notice of the Congress which is to be held in London from 31st August to 6th September, 1915, is now being issued with the form of application for membership, and can be obtained from the Honorary Secretary, Dr. H. Wildon Carr, More's Garden, Chelsea, London, S. W.

The general sessions are to be devoted to special subjects to be introduced by Symposia on :

1. The Nature of Mathematical Truth.

2. Life and Matter.

3. Realism.

Presidents have been appointed to the Sections, which are as follows:

General Philosophy and Metaphysics.

President, Prof. G. Dawes Hicks.

I.

President, Prof. J. H. Muirhead.

VIII. Social Philosophy and Philosophy of Law.

A prize of one hundred dollars ($100.00) is offered for the best paper on the "Availability of Pearson's Formulæ for Psychophysics".

The rules for the solution of this problem have been formulated in general terms by William Brown. It is now required (1) to make their formulation specific, and (2) to show how they work out in actual practice. This means that the writer must show the steps to be taken, in the treatment of a complete set of data (Vollreihe), for the attainment in every case of a definite result. The calculations should be arranged with a view to practical application, i.e., so that the amount of computation is reduced to a minimum. If the labour of computation can be reduced by new tables, this fact should be pointed out.

The paper must contain samples of numerical calculation; but it is not necessary that the writer have experimental data of his own. In default of new data, those of F. M. Urban's experiments on lifted weights (all seven observers) or those of H. Keller's acoumetrical experiments (all results of one observer in both time-orders) are to be used.

Papers in competition for this prize will be received, not later than 31st December, 1914, by Prof. E. B. Titchener, Cornell Heights, Ithaca,