In some parts of Europe, especially in the northern and central portions, during the cold weather of the winter months, the compartments are warmed by iron stoves. In countries where these are not used, the first and second class compartments are heated by "foot-warmers" or "chaufferettes," which are semi-cylindrical or rectangular metal cans, from three to four feet long, ten to twelve inches wide on the bottom, and four to six inches deep, filled with hot water. Two of these warmers are placed end to end upon the centre of the floor of each compartment, extending entirely across the coach, thus enabling all the passengers to place their feet upon them, and by their radiation of heat making the compartment very comfortable. These warmers are taken out at proper intervals and replaced by others which have been re-heated. On some lines they are apparently supplied only at the request of the passengers; there is no extra fee due for these warmers. Through trains are provided with signal-cords to notify a train officer in case of necessity. In a compartment on a train in Scotland I saw, substantially, the following notice : 66 NOTICE-CORD COMMUNICATION. "There are two cords, one on each side, outside the carriages, close to the cornice over the windows of the carriage doors. Use only the one on the right hand side, in the direction in which the train is traveling. Passengers are exhorted to protect it. The penalty for the needless ringing of it, for each offense, shall be a fine not exceeding £5." The tourist will notice compartments, in England, labeled "Smoking," (permission) in Ger 66 many, "Nicht Rauchen," (forbidden); in France, "Fumer," (permission), or "Non Fumer," (forbidden); in Holland," Niet Rooken," (forbidden). If he objects to smoking, he should not fail to note the above, for he can always procure a compartment in which smoking is strictly forbidden. Except in Germany, smoking is only allowed on sufferance, and those who object have only to insist upon their right; those who cannot make known their wishes from their ignorance of the language, have only to point to the notice generally attached to the non-smoking carriages, which hint proves for the most part sufficient.' In regard to smoking, the following notice will give further explanation concerning English cars. "SMOKING-The attention of Passengers is directed to the following Bye-Law of the Company (North British Railway) on this subject: 'Every Person Smoking in any Shed or Covered Platform of a Station, or in any building of the Company, or in any Carriage, or Compartment of a Carriage not specially provided for that purpose, is hereby subjected to a penalty not exceeding FORTY SHILLINGS. The Company's Officers and Servants are required to take the necessary steps to enforce obedience to this Bye-Law; and any person offending against it is liable, in addition to incurring the penalty above-mentioned, to be summarily removed, at the first opportunity, from the Carriage or from the Company's premises.' BY ORDER." The through trains on most of the Continental lines have compartments reserved exclusively for ladies who are traveling alone. In Germany, such compartments are labeled "Für Damen," and in France, "Dames Seules." Every coach is numbered, as " 2744, AII," and a safe precaution for the traveler is to carefully note the number of the carriage in which he is riding, providing he leaves the train at any of the stopping places, else, in case of an unexpected signal for the departure of the train, he will have serious difficulty in finding his compartment, as all the coaches appear so much alike. All passenger trains are accompanied by a guard," or conductor, whose duty it is to direct the train according to certain printed regulations, of which he possesses a copy. The guards and other officials in the railway service of England are distinguished by the red bands and straps upon their uniforms; in Germany the color is gold, in France, silver. 66 Generally in the cars of the European railway service there are no retiring closets. The frequent stops which the trains make are calculated to render unnecessary these provisions for the comfort of the passengers On the express trains ("Schnellzug") in Germany there are cabinets," which can be reached while the train is in motion, by walking upon the narrow, plankstep which runs lengthwise under the doors on the outside of the carriage. But the walk is very dangerous, and, in order to accomplish it safely, assistance is required of the guard who may be signalled by pulling a cord which is at the top of the compartment, or by pressing an electric signal-button which is sometimes provided. Some of the coaches in Switzerland and Würtemburg are unsatisfactory imitations of the American coach. They have a central aisle, but the high-backed seats, each for two persons, are arranged in sets of two, facing each other, and a partition with a door in the centre divides the coach into two rooms. In some of the Swiss carriages there is posted the following notice, generally in German as well as in French: "Cabinet dans la Voiture, S'adresser au Conducteur." Les voyageurs qui paient une taxe au Conducteur reçoivent de lui quittance pour leur servir en cas de nouveau contrôle." Passengers enter from platforms at the ends of the car as with us. Sleeping-cars are not as much used in Europe as in the United States. On the Midland Railway, running from London to Liverpool and to Scotland, are the Pullman Palace and Sleepingcars made in the United States. The rates for these are the first class fare and an additional extra charge. Also, some of the English and Continental railways use the Mann Boudoir Sleeping-car, which is well supplied with beds, lavatories, and retiring closets. It is said to be a very comfortable coach, and can be procured at a moderate extra charge. "Continental railway fares can be ascertained without difficulty, a fare-table being usually attached to the wall of the booking-office. In Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, the fare is legally printed on the tickets, which is a great guarantee to the inexperienced traveler, against frauds on the part of the booking-clerk. The fares on the continent are very much lower than in England, being the lowest in Belgium, Bavaria, Baden, Würtemberg, South Italy, Norway, Sweden, and North Germany. In Austria, the fares by the slow trains (Goods with Passengers) are little more than half the ordinary fares. In Belgium, the fares are often only one-third those charged in the United Kingdom; and in the other countries mentioned, are considerably below the English fares." The fares in England are: For first class, three pence per mile; for second class, two pence; for third class, one penny-i. e. in our currency, six cents, four cents, and two cents, respectively. In Britain, excursion tickets are sold at some, if not all, seasons of the year, when a single ticket can be bought for one and a half the usual cost for the two rides, and it is good for a given time. This adds to the economy of railway travel when the tourist wishes to return over the same route. "Return tickets are almost universal on the Continent, and are issued upon terms far more liberal than any granted by the English lines. As a rule they are only available for the day on which they are issued; but in Germany, they are often available for from two to five days, and in France, on some lines, for two days, or from Saturday to Monday; whenever return tickets are issued, they are issued to third class passengers. Return tickets are issued in Baden, Bavaria, Denmark, Holland, and Würtemberg, at a fare and a half for the double journey (i. e. a reduction of twenty-five per cent. off the double fare). In Belgium and Switzerland, a return ticket is given at a reduction of twenty per cent., or at the rate of one and three-fifths fares; in Saxony, generally, at a fare and one-third; in North Germany, at a rate varying from a fare and one-seventh, to a fare and three-fifths. In Austria, return tickets are not yet general, but are sometimes issued. In France, the rates are as follows: On the Nord Railway, one and onehalf fares (one and seven-tenths fares for third |