but if extra attentions are shown fees are expected by the servants who render them.

The fares for railway accommodation vary according to the class-the second class being about double the third, and the first about three times the third; but this estimate will be more fully discussed under Railway Travel.

It should always be borne in mind that travel by rail consumes a certain amount of nervous energy by reason of the jar of the carriage, the excitement of meeting strangers, the anxiety of reaching safely the destination, the irregularity of taking meals and sleep. Therefore the tourist should aim to reduce these demands upon his strength to a minimum consistent with his means and the labors to be performed.

It is well to note this fact: That the Old World, to one who has never visited it, is not only all new and fresh, but is so crowded with history, incident and scenery, by reason of its age, that all places therein are filled with interest; a tourist cannot go amiss, yet it is true that some places are more worthy a visit than others. All the places of interest are described in guide books, and routes of travel among them are established far more thoroughly in Europe than in America. The time tables, even of the railway service, are subject to but very little if any variation, for a series of years it may be; with the time tables there are usually combined the fare tables. These facts are introduced as aids in determining, before starting, the general route for the complete round trip as well as to assist in estimating the total cost.

The would-be-tourist will find it to his great advantage to determine his itinerary quite definitely before leaving America. At first thought

this may seem difficult to do, and it may appear undesirable because one wishes to be free to go here and there at will. But it must be borne in mind that Europe is entirely new to the untraveled American, and it is crowded full of history, scenery, and interest. If he undertakes to see the whole, he must spend years there; if he travels on a vacation tour his question is how to see the most that he can, and that which is characteristic. To secure this end he should lay out a general itinerary before leaving home, and then adhere to it with respectable tenacity of purpose. It is true in traveling as in all other kinds of business, that one must have a fixed purpose well adhered to, in order that the best results shall follow from the outlay of time and money. It is the usual experience of travelers that those who fix their route beforehand, and, extraordinaries excepted, follow it, return home with more profit and with better satisfaction to themselves, than those who rove irregularly about at the whim of inclination. Besides, if traveling on Cook's tickets, the route can be changed at any point, by exchanging the unused portions of the tickets at their full value for others desired. This makes the settled itinerary entirely safe if one should desire on a sudden to deviate from it at any point in his journey. Tickets are always good for a specified time from the day of dating them.

The detour excursions from the main roads can be made at pleasure. Tourists' tickets always specify the places at which the route can be broken-usually in England and Scotland at any station, while on the Continent only at given stations.

Hotel charges will range ordinarily about as they do in the United States for similar accom

modations. It is well to estimate these at a given sum per day for the number of days which the tour is expected to include. In the Higland districts in Scotland a safe estimate will be three dollars gold, per day, and on the Continent two dollars, gold. These prices are the bases of Cook's hotel coupons. But while in ordinary times living expenses on the Continent are cheaper than in Britain, yet if the tourist is not cautious in regard to his hotel accommodations, orders, and extras-especially if he does not readily understand the languages-he will find his bill running up rapidly beyond the above prices ere he is aware of it. Expenses at the fashionable Summer resorts are heavy, particularly in the season of patronage.

The cost of newspapers, guide books, postage and stationery, and of telegraphic despatcheswhich should always be very plainly written, as foreigners read our writing with some difficulty occasionally is not large under ordinary circumstances. When visiting museums, galleries, and libraries, in most places except Paris, canes and umbrellas must be left at the entrance until one returns; a trifling fee is required. As a general statement foreign guide books and maps for tourists cost comparatively little in Europe to what they do after importation into the United States. Therefore, it will be far more economical to defer purchasing them until reaching Europe, and then purchase as circumstances shall seem to demand. The books and maps are on sale at the newsstands in the depots, on the coasting and inland boats, at the little book-stalls in the town, and at all the book-stores in the large cities. Tourists cannot go amiss in regard to finding them.

Hence a tour to Europe can be taken at almost

any cost depending upon ocean accommodations, upon railway rates chosen, upon the class of hotels patronized, and upon the time spent. A tourist hard pressed for funds by using economy could see a great deal for two hundred dollars, if he went upon the lowest cabin rates, or as a steerage passenger, third class by railway, and stopped at the low rate boarding houses, so easily found, or at cheap-priced hotels. But it is wiser, unless severely pressed, to calculate upon an estimate of from three to five hundred dollars for a journey of two or three months. These estimates are close, and do not include extras for purchase of pictures and the like. These figures may be increased indefinitely according to the desires of the tourist. It adds to the pleasure and profit of travel many-fold to be well supplied with ready money.

V.-Carrying Money.

Before leaving the United States the tourist should convert his money into its equivalent in the currency of the country in which he proposes to remain the longest time. Yet it will be a convenient and safe way to take the equivalent exclusively in English money. This can be done with the company owning the line of steamships patronized, or at a broker's office, or at some banking house, at which place drafts at sight, drawn upon correspondents in Europe, can be obtained; or when traveling upon their tickets, at the office of Messrs. Cook, Son and Jenkins, who will issue the amount in five or ten pound checks payable at sight at their offices, which are situated at important centres all over Europe, their chief European offices being situated at Ludgate Circus, Fleet street, London. English coin and bank-notes can be readily exchanged in the Continental cities for the currency of the land, which should be disposed of in some way before entering another State, lest it be uncurrent there.

The following will assist the tourist in computing money values in a few of the leading countries. No account is taken of the fluctuations in gold, nor rates of exchange, which are always losses to the traveler.

In English currency, I sovereign=1=20 shillings 240 pence $5, U. S. A guinea=21S. Half a crown a piece worth 2s. 6d. There are 20-shilling pieces, 2-shilling pieces, 1-shilling pieces, 10-shilling pieces, 22-shilling pieces,