These rates can not be depended upon for sailings from the first of May to the first of August, as during this time the ships are crowded, and the fares are increased from ten to fifteen per cent.

III. Companies in Traveling.

There are various ways of traveling: In a party under a conductor; in a party which is more nominal than real, where each member virtually cares entirely for himself, yet enjoys the companionship of the others; in a party which daily appoints some one of its own members to attend to the larder, to the style of living, and to the route taken during the day's travel [I am told this plan is much pursued by the German students when out on their vacation tours]; and lastly, in company with no one except it chance occasionally otherwise. Each of these modes has its advantages and its disadvantages, which will further appear in discussing the first of the ways named.

To travel in a personally-conducted party, as the phrase is generally understood, the conductor being familiar with the routes, customs, and the languages, has the advantages of freeing the tourist from the care of securing hotel accommodations and railway tickets, of studying out the desirable routes to be followed, of looking after luggage, engaging guides, feeing servants, and hiring coaches. It has the additional advantages, which are no mean ones, of having the company of an interpreter in countries of strange tongues, which relieves tourists of a feeling of severe anxiety in case of sudden illness; of losing no time in a vain search for the places of interest when time is limited.

The disadvantages are: That the tourist

being relieved from the care of himself, tends to feel an indifference towards the methods and manners of the business world through which he passes, and hence he does not come into so near relations with the people as he otherwise would; that the tourist loses some of his best opportunities for becoming acquainted with the forms of business, which acquaintance gives him a more thorough confidence in his own ability to carry on successfully those pursuits which may thereafter engage his attention; that the feeling of greater indifference to what is passing is apt to be induced, because the tourist is only one of a body to the direction of which he gives no

concern.

Again, some of the members of a party, wanting evenness of disposition and wisdom in judgment, make the rest unhappy by reason of moroseness, censoriousness, haughtiness, and the like; as a party, valuable time is occasionally wasted in listening to specific directions, and in waiting for the appearance of tardy members, and when the party is very large, if too long held to a unity of purpose, the diversities of wants and tastes do not tend to profit and harmony of feeling.

Also, the estimates of the expenses of the tourist are usually calculated on a basis of first class accommodations in railway travel, as well as in some other items; for any others will hardly satisfy the mass of tourists traveling with a conductor. These estimates materially increase the total cost of a tour, which may be reduced by purchasing second or third class railway tickets, and by obtaining meals at more convenient hours in restaurants where the tourist can select dishes to his liking.

Whatever the decision in the way of traveling, Messrs. Cook, Son and Jenkins will accommodate tourists in any or all of these ways-as by single tickets, or in companies, small or large, with or without a conductor. Hence a tourist can be satisfied according to his preference for being relieved of all care and anxiety in regard to the minutiæ of the tour, or his willingness to attend to all such details himself. In any event, the company of one or two persons is very desirable, unless the tourist be self-reliant, in which case he can travel alone with comparative ease and comfort.

IV.-Expenses of a Tour.

Expenses are an important item. To estimate. them within probable limits, it will be necessary to determine somewhat exactly the proposed route of travel, the class of fares, and the accommodations which are desired.

On the ocean steamers there are, in general, the first cabin passage with outside and inside state-rooms, the second cabin, the intermediate, and the steerage. The rates of passage for the first cabin vary from fifty to one hundred and thirty dollars in gold, according to the line of steamers chosen by the tourist, and the terms decrease for the second cabin and intermediate to very low figures for the steerage, the rates for the latter being from twenty-six to thirty dollars, currency. Generally, the rates of ocean passage are higher in summer than in winter Return tickets, good for a year from the date of their issue, can usually be purchased at much reduced rates. A portion of the passage money is ordinarily demanded upon securing the berths, the balance to be paid at the time of sailing. If one desires to go by a sailing vessel the rates are still less, although the time required is much greater.

The passage ticket is all that the ocean voyage will necessarily cost in ordinary calculations; it includes berth, meals, care of room, and, in case of sickness, the attendance of a physician; but on most steamers, except the Continental lines, wines are extra. All the ordinary attentions due passengers from the servants are included in the ticket,