THEIM, Robert, quoted, 151.

THEOTOKIS, (M.), telegram on plan to destroy Greek artillery and material, 119. THOMAS, Albert, "Why Alsace-Lorraine Should be Restored Without a Plebiscite,' 490.

THOMAS, J. H., discussion of after-war phases of labor problem, 355.

TYSSEN, August, text of pamphlet denouncing Hohenzollern dynasty for precipitating war, 479.

TIKHON, (Rev. Dr.), 448.

Titanic Battles for Cambrai, 31.

TORGES, Carl Hermann, summary of pamphlet advocating plural marriage in Germany, 230.

Torpedoing Belgian Relief Ships, 167.
Torture of Prisoners in Belgium, 165.
TRADING with the Enemy Act, War Trade
Board publishes first blacklist, 88.
Tragedy of the Lithuanians, 501.
Treachery of the Greek King and Queen, 118.
TREATIES, see ALLIES' Treaties.
TROTZKY, Leon,

note informing neutral powers of armistice with Germans, 8; extract from note to allied embassies on armistice with Teutons, 10; at Brest-Litovsk conference, 290; address at Brest-Litovsk, 445 summary of speech at Soviet meeting explaining peace negotiations at BrestLitovsk, 446; text of reasons for publishing secret treaties between Russia and the Allies, 494.

TRUCE, see PEACE.

TSING-TAO increased trade since Japanese capture, 199.

TURKEY, reasons for omission from declaration of war upon Austria-Hungary by U. S., 74; nationalities in, 196.

See also CAMPAIGN in Asia Minor; Palestine.

TUSCANIA (S. S.), account of sinking, 418. U

U-Boat Sinkings and U-Boats Sunk, 83. UKRAINIA, brief sketch of history, 197, 199; note of republic presented at BrestLitovsk conference, 289; recognized by Central Powers as independent delegation at conference, 290; republic proclaimed, 292; "Historical Background of Ukrainia," 382; Count Czernin on negotiations of Austria-Hungary with new State, 395; article on rise of State, its war with the Bolsheviki and its peace treaty with Germany, 426; value of products; text of manifesto of Emperor Charles of Austria

on peace treaty, 434; official summary of peace terms, 435.

ULIJANOV, Vladimir Ilitch, see LENINE, Nikolai.

UNITED STATES:

Army, account of engineers' first brush with enemy, French official communication and account published in Berlin, 57; progress in moving troops to France; mortality statistics; rate of venereal diseases, 58; first crime in France; negroes hanged for murders committed while rioting in Houston, Tex. ; statement of Sec. Baker on purpose of Military War Council, 59; graves of first three soldiers described by H. Bordeaux, 234; statement of Sec. Baker on Making America's Army Efficient," giving figures for increase, training, expenditures, and changes in organization, 241: report of Major Gen. Crowder on operation of selective draft laws, 244; figures for voluntary enlistments from April to Dec., 1917; sentence of death to be reviewed by War Dept., ruled by Pres. Wilson; decision of Supreme Court declares selective draft law constitutional, 245; description of An American Camp in England," 246; recommendation by Sec. Baker for allowances to officers for field duty, comparison of officers' pay with that of British, 385; letter from Lieut. M. See, Jr., describing cordiality of reception of American officers in France, 387; sinking of S. S. Tuscania with troops aboard, 418; criticism of lack of military knowledge of officers sent to France by Gen. Pershing, 424; speech by Sec. Baker reviewing progress in organization, 457; statement on progress, by A. Tardieu, 472. See also

INSURANCE; UNITED STATES-War Dept.

Congress, suggestions for needful war legislation made by Pres. Wilson in address calling for war with AustriaHungary, 67; text of joint resolution declaring war on Austria-Hungary, 69; report of House Committee on reasons for war with Austria, 71; discussion in Senate and House of war on AustriaHungary, 75; text of resolution of Sen. Owen in support of war aims as stated by Pres. Wilson, 477; resolution in support of independence of small nations introduced by Sen. Borah, also one by Sen. Lewis approving propositions set forth in President's address, 479.

Exports, Custom House figures showing reduction in shipments to neutral countries and to Allies during Oct., 1917, 156.

Finances, plan to create corporation to
control issues of stocks and bonds,
423.

Invasion, Freiherr von Edelsheim quoted
on development of plan, 150.
Munitions Director, demand for, 191.
Navy, present strength, increase in per-

sonnel; size of budget asked for by
Sec. Daniels; cablegram from Admiral
Benson on Allied Naval Council; de-
stoyers Jacob Jones and Chauncey
sunk, 60; number of ships in commis-
sion and under construction, with fig-
ures and expenditures stated by Sec.
Daniels, 222; report of W. B. Oliver on
rapid rate of growth, 421.

Russia, Relations with, protest by Col.
Quert against Bolsheviki move
for
peace. 280.

War Cabinet, demand for, 191.

Vol. xiv.

BIDDLE, (Maj. Gen.) John, 1.

BLISS, (Gen.) Tasker H., 381.

BOLSHEVIST Leaders, 459.

BYNG, (Gen. Sir) Julian, 15. CHAMBERLAIN, George E., 394.

CLEMENCEAU, Georges, 1.

HINES, Walker D., 410.

HOETZENDORFF, (Gen.) Conrad von, 31.

JOFFEE, (M.), 459.

KAUTSKY, Karl, 475.

KOLLONTAY, Alexandra, 459.

KRYLENKO, (Ensign) Abram, 459.

LEDEBOUR, George, 475.

LENINE, Nikolai, 458.

LITVINOFF, Maxim, 459.

MARCH, (Maj. Gen.) Peyton C., 380.
RAILROADS War Board, 204.
READING (Earl), 190.

STETTINIUS, Edward R., 395.
TROTZKY, Leon, 205.

WEMYSS, (Sir) Rosslyn, 191.
WILSON, (Gen. Sir) Henry, 14.

W"

ITH the coming of Winter and the cessation of fighting on the grand scale, attempts to establish a basis for peace negotiations evoked the first detailed statements of war aims from the United States and the Entente Allies. These interchanges, with the definite withdrawal of Russia from the war, gave events during the three months ended March 1, 1918, much more of a political than military aspect.

On the western front after the battle of Cambrai there was no further fighting of importance. In Italy the campaign continued until the Winter snows made operations difficult and the Austro-German advance was checked.

The disaster which had earlier overtaken Italy had led to the conclusion that the Italian front must be considered as more closely related to the line in France and Flanders than hitherto. This laid the foundation for the unified direction of all the allied armies in Western Europe and later led to the appointment of an allied Generalissimo.

The most dramatic military episode took place, not in Europe, but in Asia, where the capture of Jerusalem by the British kindled the imagination by its historic background and picturesque circumstances.

But it was the " peace offensive" and the actual making of peace by Russia that during this period of December, 1917, and January and February, 1918, transcended all else in importance. With the war on the whole eastern front coming to

an end an effort was made, under the leadership of President Wilson, to pave the way to a settlement of all the issues in the world war. It failed because Germany still cherished the hope of peace by victory, relying upon another stupendous Idrive which in these months was being carefully planned and prepared for. The disastrous peace made by Russia, under the rule of the Soviets and the Bolshevist Cabinet, headed by Lenine and Trotzky, helped considerably to inspire Germany with the belief that it might yet be possible to destroy the allied armies on the western front.

Turning to military operations during the period under review, we find that the chief event on the western front was the recovery by the Germans of part of the territory captured by the British in the battle of Cambrai. The German penetration reached so far and commanded so many strategic points that British retirements became necessary. On Dec. 5 the Germans were in possession of Graincourt, Anneux, Cantaing, Noyelles, and the wood and heights north of Marcoing, and had penetrated on an eightmile front to a depth of three miles, almost enveloping the new British salient. This made further withdrawals by the British absolutely imperative if they were to avoid costly and useless losses. Bourlon Wood was abandoned, but the captured positions on the Hindenburg line were still occupied. From Dec. 10 to Dec. 13 Bullecourt on the Hindenburg line became the centre of conflict, with the Germans making trench gains.

Vol. xiv.

Meanwhile, on Dec. 12, forty-eight miles to the north the Germans endeavored to smash the Ypres salient by a surprise attack. They penetrated 300 yards into the British lines southeast of Polygon Wood, but otherwise the offensive was a failure.

Heavy fighting was resumed on Dec. 31 on the Cambrai front, where a couple of miles south of Marcoing the Germans were driven out of some trenches which they had recently occupied. Next day, the Germans brought up more guns and attempted to shell the British out, but failed. On Jan. 4, 1918, however, they were more successful, particularly along the Canal du Nord, while the day following they ousted the British from some positions on the Hindenburg line east of Bullecourt. On Jan. 8 the British recovered all the positions they had lost during the preceding week.

On other sectors of the British front the only features of note were observation raids and a consolidation of positions. Snow and very cold weather prevented any but operations of a minor character.

As the French gradually advanced their positions east of the Meuse northeast of Verdun, the German salient with its vertex at St. Mihiel became more important. There was, accordingly, some little activity in this sector. On Jan. 9 the French penetrated on a mile front the eastern side of the salient north of Seicheprey, and demolished defense works recently constructed by the Germans. The Germans retaliated a few days later, but were dispersed by artillery fire.

Along the whole western front, whatever movements took place, whether of infantry patrols or of airmen, were almost entirely for reconnoissance. The only exceptions were heavy German bombardments in preparation for raids. Both sides gained minor successes, with the advantage inclining somewhat to the Allies. Early in February the Germans delivered a series of attacks on the Verdun sector without achieving any result.

While this more or less desultory warfare proceeded, preparations were being made for the resumption of fighting on the largest scale. From various sources it was learned that the Germans were

getting ready to deliver a crushing blow at the allied armies. The Allies also were laying their plans for the Spring campaign. One of the most interesting. changes in the disposition of the armies was the taking over by the British of an additional sector of the French line below St. Quentin. The British were also now gathering reserves to meet the onslaught of the Germans, who were massing troops in large numbers.

American troops were, according to an announcement authorized on Jan. 31, occupying front-line trenches and bearing the full brunt of the defense of certain parts of the French front. This was followed by the statement that the sector occupied by the Americans was northwest of Toul. From this time onward there were daily reports of American troops being engaged in trench raids and other minor operations, while the daily casualty lists, though containing only a few names, made it clear that America was beginning to make its sacrifices. The Germans began to pay particular attention to the Americans in order to discover. their fighting qualities and numbers. In one respect the Americans were at a serious disadvantage. They had no adequate aerial service, and the German airmen were able to fly over their positions with comparative immunity. On Feb. 22 further relief was afforded the French by the participation of American units in the defense of the Chemin des Dames. Gradually the number of sectors on which the Americans held positions was increased. By the middle of March the casualties which they had sustained since they landed in France reached 1,722, of which 136 represented men killed in action and 475 wounded.

In the Italian theatre of war the Austro-German forces conducted another offensive before the snows of Winter made it impossible to carry out further operations on a large scale. The attack, which began in the Asiago region on Dec. 3 and lasted during six days of extremely fierce fighting, secured for the enemy certain strategic positions more vital, from the Italian standpoint, west of the Brenta than east of it. But these successes were very costly.

Vol. xiv.