from the Writings and Letters of Sir Walter Raleigh' was edited by the Rev. Dr. Grosart in 1892.

Some of the posthumous publications attributed to his pen are of doubtful authenticity. 'Observations touching Trade and Commerce with the Hollands and other Nations' (1650, and in 'Remaines,' 1651) — an account of a scheme for diverting the Dutch carrying trade into English hands, which is repeated in McCulloch's Tracts,' 1859-is more likely by John Keymer. 'A Dialogue between a Jesuit and a Recusant in 1609,' 'The Life and Death of Mahomet' (1637), 'The Dutiful Advice of a loving Son to his aged Father' (in Oxford edit.), may be safely rejected as obvious imitations of Ralegh's style. Two volumes attributed to Ralegh by Sir Henry Sheeres [q. v.], their editor, and respectively entitled 'A Discourse on Sea Ports, principally on the Port and Haven of Dover,' 1700-1 (reprinted in 'Harleian Miscellany') and 'An Essay on the Means to maintain the Honour and Safety of England,' 1701, are more probably by Sir Dudley Digges [q. v.].

The portraits of Ralegh are numerous. Among them is a full-length, probably by Zucchero, in the National Portrait Gallery, dated '1588 ætatis suæ 34,' with a pair of compasses in the hand; another, in the Dublin Gallery, is assigned to the same artist ('æt. 44, 1598'); a third, with his son Walter (anon. dated 1602), belongs to Sir John Farnaby Lennard, bart. (cf. Cat. Tudor Exhibition, 1890); a fifth belongs to the Marquis of Bath (cf. Cat. National Portraits at South Kensington, 1866, 1868); a beautiful miniature at Belvoir Castle, inscribed 'æt. 65, 1618,' forms the frontispiece to Mr. Stebbing's 'Memoir,' 1891; and a portrait by Isaac Oliver is described in the 'Western Antiquary,' 1881 (i. 126). There are engraved portraits by Simon Pass (prefixed to his 'History of the World,' 1621), by R. Vaughan (prefixed to his 'Maxims of State'), by Houbraken (in Birch's 'Lives'), and by Vertue (prefixed to Oldys's 'Life,' 1735).

The spelling Ralegh (pronounced Rawley) is that which he adopted on his father's death in 1581, and persistently used afterwards. In April 1578 he signed 'Rauleygh' (Trans. of the Devon Assoc. xv. 174); from November 1578 (State Papers, Dom. cxxvi. 46 1) till 1583 he signed 'Rauley.' His brother Carew signed

'Raullygh' in 1578 and 'Raulligh' in 1588 (ib. ccxvi. 48 1). Mr. Stebbing gives (pp. 30–1) a list of about seventy other ways in which the name has been spelt. The form Raleigh he is not known to have employed.

Lady Ralegh died in 1647. By her Ralegh had two sons, Walter and Carew. Walter, baptised at Lillington, Dorset, on I Nov. 1593, was probably born at Sherborne. He matriculated from Corpus Christi College, Oxford, on 30 Oct. 1607, and graduated B. A. in 1610, his tutor being Dr. Daniel Fairclough, alias Featley, who describes him as addicted to 'strange company and violent exercises.' In 1613 Ben Jonson accompanied him as his governor or tutor to France. Jonson declares he was 'knavishly inclined,' and reports a humiliating practical joke which young Ralegh played on him (Conversations with Drummond, p. 21). Attending his father in his latest expedition to Guiana, he was killed at San Tomás before 8 Jan. 1617-18, when Captain Kemys announced his death to his father.

The second son CAREW RALEGH (1605-1666), was born in the Tower of London and baptised at the church of St. Peter ad Vincula on 15 Feb. 1604-5; Richard Carew [q. v.] of Antonie was his godfather. In 1619 he entered Wadham College, Oxford, as a fellow-commoner, matriculated on 23 March 1620-1, and his name remained on the books until 1623 (GARDINER, Reg. Wadham Coll. Oxford). He is said to have written poetry while at Oxford. Wood saw some sonnets of his composition; a poem by him beginning 'Careless of love and free from fears' was printed in Lawes's 'Ayres and Dialogues,' 1653 (p. 11). His distant kinsman William Herbert, third earl of Pembroke, brought him to court, but James I complained that he looked like his father's ghost, and, taking the hint, he spent a year in foreign travel. A bill restoring him in blood passed through the House of Lords in 1621 and through both houses of parliament in 1624, but James I withheld his assent, and, although it was submitted again in 1626, it did not receive the royal assent, till 1628, when it was made a condition that Ralegh should resign all claim to the Dorset estates (Lords Journals, vol. iii. passim; Commons' Journals, i. 755 sq.). In other respects Charles I treated him considerately, and in 1635 he became a gentleman of the privy chamber. In 1639 he was

sent to the Fleet prison for a week and suspended from his attendance at court for drawing his sword on a fellow-courtier (cf. Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. p. 294). But he nominally remained in the king's service until the king's escape to the Isle of Wight in 1645. According to Wood, Charles I 'honoured him with a kind token at his leaving Hampton Court' (cf. Lords' Journals, vi. 186). He is said by Wood to have 'cringed afterwards to the men in power.' He had long set his heart on recovering his father's estates at Sherborne, and he presented to the House of Commons between 1648 and 1660 several petitions on the subject, one of which largely autobiographical was published in 1669 as 'A brief Relation of Sir Walter Ralegh's Troubles' (reprinted in Harl. Misc. and in Somers Tracts; cf. Commons' Journals, vi. 595, viii. 131 seq.; Lords' Journals, xi. 115 seq.). Wood chronicles a rumour that he defended his father's memory by writing 'Observation upon some particular persons and passages [in William Sanderson's 'Compleat History'], written by a Lover of the Truth,' London, 1659, 4to. The pamphlet doubtless owed something to Carew's suggestions. He certainly expostulated with James Howell for expressing doubt in his 'Epistolæ Hoelianæ' of the existence of the mine in Guiana, and induced Howell to retract his suspicions in 1635 (cf. Epistolæ Hoel. ed. Jacobs, ii. 479 seq.). Meanwhile he took some active part in politics. He sat in parliament as member for Haselmere (1648–53); Carlyle is apparently in error in saying that he represented Callington in the closing years of the Long parliament (Notes and Queries, 6th ser. vol. xii. passim, 7th ser. vol. i. passim). In May 1650 he was committed to the Tower for a few days for 'passionate words' spoken at a committee (Commons Journals, vi. 413, 416). On 10 Aug. 1658 John Evelyn dined with him in his house at West Horsley (EVELYN, Diary, ii. 102). He took his place in the restored Rump parliament on 7 May 1659, and sat regularly till the members were expelled on 13 Oct. He was reinstated with his fellow-members on 26 Dec. and attended the house till the dissolution in March (MASSON, Milton, iv.). He zealously seconded Monck's efforts for the restoration, and through Monck's influence was appointed governor of Jersey on 29 Feb. 1659-60 (WHITELOCKE, p. 697), but it is doubtful if he visited the island. On

Charles II's return he declined knighthood, and the honour was conferred upon his son Walter (15 June 1660). He owned property in Surrey; in 1629 the Earl of Southampton conveyed to him the manor of East Horsley, and he succeeded in 1643, on the death of his uncle Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, to the estate of West Horsley (MANNING and BRAY, Surrey, iii. 31; BRAYLEY and BRITTEN, Surrey, ii. 76). In December 1656 Ralegh settled the West Horsley property on his sons Walter and Philip, but the arrangement was voided by Walter's death, about 1663, and he sold the estate in 1665 to Sir Edward Nicholas for 9,750l. (Gent. Mag. 1790, i. 419). Ralegh's London house was in St. Martin's Lane, and, dying there in 1666, he was buried on 1 Jan. 1666-7, in his father's grave in St. Margaret's Church, Westminster. The register describes him as 'kild,' which has been interpreted as murdered. By his will he made his widow sole executrix (Gent. Mag. 1850, ii. 368). He married Philippa (born Weston), 'the rich widow of Sir Anthony Ashley.' His son Philip, of London and Tenchley in Surrey, was stated in 1695 to have four sons (Walter, Carew, and two others) and three daughters (LE NEVE, Knights, p. 74); he edited in 1702 No. 9 in the list given above of his grandfather's tracts, and died in 1705. Carew's daughter Anne married Sir Philip Tyrell of Castlethorpe (WOOD, Athena Oxon. ed. Bliss. ii. 244).

The commonly repeated statement that Sir Walter Ralegh also left an illegitimate daughter rests apparently on a reference made by Ralegh 'to my poor daughter to whom I have given nothing,' in a letter which he is reputed to have addressed to his wife in July 1603. Teach thy son,' he adds, 'to love her for his father's sake.' The letter, the genuineness of which is doubtful, was first printed in Bishop Goodman's 'Court of James I' (ed. Brewer, 1839; cf. EDWARDS, ii. 383-387; STEBBING, pp. 195-8).

THE LIFE OF SIR PHILIP SIDNEY

SIDNEY LEE

[From the Dictionary of National Biography.]

SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP (1554-1586), soldier, statesman, and poet, born at Penshurst 30 Nov. 1554, was eldest son of Sir Henry Sidney [q. v.] by his wife Mary, daughter of John Dudley, duke of Northumberland. A tree still standing in Penshurst Park is identified with one which, according to Ben Jonson,

Of a nut was set,

At his great birth, where all the Muses met.

His godfathers were Philip II of Spain, Queen Mary's husband, after whom he was named, and John Russell, first earl of Bedford [q. v.]. His godmother was his widowed grandmother, Jane, duchess of Northumberland. The child's infancy was apparently passed at Penshurst. When he was nine and a half his father, who was lord president of Wales, appointed him lay rector of the church of Whitford, Flintshire, of which the incumbent, Hugh Whitford, had just been deprived on account of his Roman Catholic leanings. On 8 May 1564 Gruff John, rector of Skyneog, acting as Philip's proctor, was duly admitted to the church and rectory of Whitford, and Philip thenceforth derived from the benefice an income of 60l. a year (cf. manuscripts at Penshurst). On 16 Nov. 1564 he entered Shrewsbury school, of which Thomas Ashton was the master. Fulke Greville [q. v.] entered the school on the same day, and their friendship was only interrupted by death.

Of Sidney's youth Greville wrote: 'I will report no other wonder than this, that, though I lived with him and knew him from a child, yet I never knew him other than a man; with such staidness of mind, lovely and familiar gravity, as carried grace and reverence above greater years; his talk ever of knowledge, and his very play tending to enrich his mind, so that even his teachers found something in him to observe and learn above that which they had usually read or taught. Which eminence by nature and industry made his