OI represents a compound vowel, made up of a broad, and e long and obscure, sound-(give it.)

L represents an open lingua-dental articulation, sub-vocal, no cognate, sound-(give it.)

S represents an open lingua-dental articulation, sibilant, aspirate, cognate of z, sound—(give it.)

O represents the sound of o long, sound-(give it.)

M represents a close labial articulation, nasal, sub-vocal, no cognate, sound-(give it.)

$101. ACCENT.

DEFINITION.-Accent consists in distinguishing one or more syllables of a word, by a more forcible stress of voice than is placed upon others. The accented syllable may be distinguished to the eye by the symbol called the acute accent ['].

EXAMPLES.

kingdom,
háteful,

lóver,
bóttle,

toilsome, awful,

nátion,
rátion.

REMARK 1.-When a word has two accents, one is more forcible than the other; the first is called the primary accent, the latter the secondary. The secondary accent may be marked by. doubling the

acute accent.

EXAMPLES.

devastation, mémorable, fúndaméntal, incomprehensibility.

REMARK 2.—The meaning of words is, in a few instances, determined by the seat of the accent.

EXAMPLES.

desert, desert;

conduct, conduct.

REMARK 3. Since we soon learn the correct pronunciation of words, it is not necessary to use symbols of accent much beyond the primary reading lessons; hence we seldom meet with the use of the symbol in works other than elementary reading.

$102. QUANTITY.

DEFINITION. The quantity of syllables is the relative time used in pronouncing them.

SPECIFICATION.-They are either long or short; and a syllable of long quantity requires double the time of one of short quantity.

REMARK 1.-The quantity of a syllable depends on its vowel, whether it is long or short.

REMARK 2.-The long or open vowel is marked with a macron; and the short or close vowel with a breve.

REMARK 1.-While orthoepy pertains to the pronunciation of separate words, rhetorical delivery pertains to the pronunciation of words in their syntactical relation, as forming discourse.

REMARK 2.-Rhetorical delivery requires a complete knowledge of orthoepy, the various modifications of the voice, such as pitch, inflections, compass, rotundity, fullness, emphasis, &c., and pauses.

SPECIFICATION.

-The absolute modifications of the voice are, the monotone, the rising inflection, falling inflection, rising circumflex, falling circumflex, and emphasis.

DEFINITION 1.-The monotone is a uniformity of sound on successive syllables. It may be marked by the macron [-].

EXAMPLES.

Holy, holy, holy, is the Lord of hosts;
The whole earth is full of his glory.

-All heaven

Resounded; and had earth been there, all earth
Had to her centre shook.

REMARK.-The monotone, in reading or speaking, is sometimes admissible in pronouncing composition of a very solemn, grave, or sublime character.

DEFINITION 2. The rising inflection is an upward turn of the voice. It may be marked by the acute accent ['].

EXAMPLES.

The beauty of a plain, the greatness of a mountain, the ornaments of a building, the expression of a picturé, the composition of a discoursé, the conduct of a third person, the proportion of different quantities and numbers, the various operations which the great machine of the universe is perpetually exhibiting, the secret wheels and springs which produce them, all the general subjects of science and tasté, have, for some persons, no peculiar interest.

If reason teaches the learned, necessity the barbarián, common custom all nations in géneral; and, if even nature itself instructs the brutes to defend their bodies and lives when attacked, by all possible méthods; you can not pronounce this action criminal.

DEFINITION 3.-The falling inflection is a downward turn of the voice. It may be marked by the grave accent ['].

EXAMPLES.

Go to the ant, thou sluggard; consider her ways, and be wise. How long wilt thou sleep, O sluggard!—when wilt thou arise out of thy sleep?

Home, honie, ye idle creatures, get ye home.

You blocks, you stonès! you worse than senseless things.

Charity suffereth long and is kind; charity envieth not; charity vaunteth not itself; is not puffed up; doth not behave itself unseemly; seeketh not her (its) own; is not easily provóked; thinketh no evil.

DEFINITION 4.-The rising circumflex is a unitation of the falling and rising inflections. It may be marked by the breve [~], or the unitation of the grave and acute accents [].

EXAMPLES.

We are accounted pòór citizens; the patricians good.

Hume said he would go twenty miles to hear Whitefield preach.

DEFINITION 5.-The falling circumflex is a unitation of the rising and falling inflections. It may be marked by a unitation of the acute and grave accents [^].

EXAMPLES.

Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;
And súre, he is an hónorable man;
He is wondrous condescending.

REMARK 1.-The rules for the particular application of inflections must be learned from elementary reading books, and works on elocution.

NOTE.-The symbols, marking the inflections, are little used except in elementary works.

DEFINITION 6.-Emphasis is a forcible stress of voice laid upon some word or words in a sentence, distinguishing them from others.

SPECIFICATION.--All the varieties of emphasis may be embraced under three classes: absolute, antithetical, and syntactical emphasis.

DEFINITION 1.-Absolute emphasis is distinguishing one or more words in a sentence, in consequence of their special significancy.

EXAMPLES.

True politeness is based on sincerity; it flows from the heart; and is equally fascinating in the cottage, the court, and the camp.

-Victory!

Charge, Chester, charge! on, Stanley, on!

Such was thy wisdom, Newton, child-like sage!

DEFINITION 2.-Antihthetical emphasis is distinguishing words that are in contrast.

EXAMPLES.

We think less of the injuries we do, than of those we suffer.

The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars,

But in ourselves, that we are underlings.

They tell us to be moderate; but they, they are to revel in profusion.

He is more knàve than fòól.

-His joy supreme,

To bid the wretch survive the fortunate,

The feeble wrap the athlètic in his shroud,

And weeping fathers build their children's tomb

Mé, thine, Narcissa!

Virtue, not rolling suns, the mind matures.

REMARK.-Sometimes two or more words are used in antithesis with another.

EXAMPLE.

I came not to baptize, but to preach the gospel..

DEFINITION 3-Syntactical emphasis is distinguishing syntactical relations.

REMARK. This emphasis is frequently required when an ellipsis has been employed, or some parenthetic clause has interrupted the close connection of words with each other, or where some otherwise quite unimportant word is to give the meaning to a phrase or

sentence.