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popular surgeon of the day, and belongs to the generation of practitioners who are carrying to such wonderful perfection the advanced surgery of the internal abdominal organs,which has been rendered possible by Lord Lister's antiseptic treatment. He, like the veteran surgeon, has worked with persistent enthusiasm to gain extended knowledge in his art, and stands unrivalled in the class of surgery which the King's case required. The one ambition of every bud

ding young surgeon is to see Treves operate, and the corridors of the London Hospital are thronged with eager faces at every such opportunity. . . . He has had enough hero-worship and success to spoil him, but knows too much of the possibilities of increased knowledge to be unduly affected by adulation on account of present achievements."

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LIEUTENANT PEARY'S ARCTIC WORK.

LIEUTENANT PEARY'S

recent return

from his last Arctic campaign has occasioned a renewal of interest in his achieve. ments in the far North. His official report— dated Sydney, September 7,-is an exceedingly modest statement, covering his work during the It appears in the National Geographic past year. Magazine for October, followed by a brief summary of Lieutenant Peary's explorations during the past twelve years, which runs as follows:

"The results of his long labors in the far North are most important. He has proved Greenland an island, and mapped its northern coast line; he has defined and mapped the islands to the north of Greenland, known as the Greenland Archipelago; he has shown that an ice-covered Arctic ocean probably extends from the Greenland Archipelago to the North Pole; he has accurately defined the lands opposite the northwestern coast of Greenland— Grant Land, Grinnell Land, and Ellesmereland; he has reached the most northerly known-land in the world; he has gained the most northerly point yet reached on the Western Hemisphere, 85° 17′; he has studied the Eskimo as only one can who has lived with them for years; he has added much to our knowledge of Arctic fauna and flora, of the musk ox, the Arctic hare, and the deer; the notes he has made during the past years will benefit meteorology and geologyall these are some of Lieutenant Peary's achievements during the twelve years he has so valiantly battled in the far North. But, above all, Mr. Peary has given the world a notable example of a brave and modest man who, in spite of broken limbs and most terrible physical suffering and financial discouragements, has unflinchingly

forced to a successful end that which he had decided to accomplish.

"To Mrs. Peary, the able seconder of her husband's plans, and to Mr. H. L. Bridgman, the efficient secretary of the Peary Arctic Club. and the loyal members of that club, much credit is due."

THE DANGERS OF THE ALPS.

IT is stated on good authority that the Alpine death-roll is not so serious as is commonly imagined. Mr. Harold Spender, writing on this subject in the Pall Mall Magazine, says that the causes of accident are far more often rashness, such as trusting to luck that a possible avalanche will not overwhelm you, snowstorms, and even lightning.

"The stock generalizations about guideless climbing are quite beside the mark, and this practice is now confined, in Switzerland, to a small number of men who are for the most part better than any guides. The best guides themselves are no more infallible than any other skilled mountaineer, while the worst are very much more dangerous than none at all."

The three most serious catastrophes this year avalanche, and lightning. The parties had plenty were all due to the weather, a snowstorm, an interesting detailed accounts of Alpine accidents, of guides. Mr. Spender gives a number of very

from which the only conclusion is that a little more care, a little more prudence, would have avoided all, or nearly all. A Swiss doctor at Berne has made a full list of all Alpine accidents, from 1890–1901 :

In all, the deaths numbered 305, of whom 218 were tourists, 73 guides, and 14 porters. Taking these fig ures of nationalities, we get the following result:

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Considering that about 100,000 people go to the Alps every year, and that some 10,000 of these either climb mountains or cross passes, the number of killed is very small. The Austrian Alps have about half the accidents, they being the most crowded, and with the poorest class of tourists.

The intrepidity of the young Austrian climbers places the performances of cautious Englishmen in the shade. A Tyrolese guide told Mr. Spender once that they had only one fault,they thought they had two necks, "But they like ripe apples."

Mr. George W. Smalley, in "Personal Recollections and Appreciations of Men of Letters," deals with Robert Browning, John Morley, William Dean Howells, Anthony Hope, Henry James, Matthew Arnold, Swinburne, Lowell, and Alfred Austin. Mr. Smalley says of John Morley: "He looks like a Puritan, and talks like a philosopher." While, as a historian, he finds John Morley austere, unbending, uncompromising, at times narrow, and at all times a fanatic, "on the personal side he has a sweetness of nature and a sweet reasonableness in talk which I can only call loveable." Mr. Morley's" Life of Gladstone" is about to appear. "It will be a unique piece of biography,—the biography of a believer by an unbeliever; of the real, adroit, professional politician of his times by a political amateur; of an Imperialist by a Little Englander; of a bon-vivant by an ascetic." Mr. Morley is to receive no less than $50,000 for this piece of work. He was for many years the reader to the Messrs. Macmillan, and is still their literary adviser.

There is a brief sketch by C. Whibley of the late George Douglas, author of "The House With the Green Shutters," and a further note on the same subject by Robert Barr.

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SCRIBNER'S MAGAZINE.

HE November Scribner's contains the most delicate and beautiful examples of color printing,the pictures drawn by Sarah S. Stillwell for the pretty little fairy story, "Princess Pourquoi," by Margaret Sherwood.

THE OUTLOOK FOR OUR MERCHANT MARINE.

Mr. Winthrop L. Marvin contributes an article on our merchant marine, "The American Ship in 1902." He divides our merchant marine into two classes: First is the immense fleet, of over four and a half million tons, engaged in the coasting trade of our Atlantic and Pacific seaboards, including now Porto Rico, Hawaii, the Great Lakes, and the rivers. For more than a century this magnificent traffic has been reserved to American ships and American seamen; and it now employs the largest, most efficient, and most prosperous coastwise tonnage in existence. The other half,-the part engaged in over-seas trade,-now stands at only 879,595 tons, only one-third the tonnage of thirty-one years ago. Mr. Marvin says American shipbuilding is not increasing, but is rather falling off. Mr. Marvin argues that this over-seas shipping-trade is the proper object of national solicitude; he says there is nobody whom the Government has so systematically forgotten in the past fifty years as the owner of the American steamer, or sailing vessel, on the high seas; and, that conditions are now such that a great merchant tonnage can spring into existence as soon as the American people give the word.

OUR IMMIGRANTS,-COMING AND GOING.

The magazine opens with Mr. James B. Connolly's article "In the Paths of Immigration," in which he pictures the journey of Russian immigrants from their homes to New York. Mr. Connolly complains that the steamship people are very rough on the ignorant immigrants, assuming them to be an inferior kind of creature, dull brutes,-on whom consideration would be thrown away. When these same immigrants make the trip back, after living in the United States a few years, there is a difference. It is common talk "below decks"

on ocean-liners that steerage going west and steerage going east are not to be handled in quite the same way.

THE ARTS OF THE SPELLBINDER.

There is a highly amusing and interesting article on "The Spellbinder," by Mr. Curtis Guild, Jr., who speaks from experience in the art, and places much emphasis on the necessity of clear and distinct enunciation, which is more valuable than a merely powerful bellow. This has been the secret of the success, as an orator, of the Hon. Thomas B. Reed. Nowadays, mere rhetoric no longer convinces; sarcasm is a bad weapon; the professional vendor of comic stories does not accomplish much; and the savage partisan, "who preaches on the text attributed to Horace Greeley, 'that every horsethief is a member of the opposite party,'" only hurts his own cause.

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THE COSMOPOLITAN.

HE articles on the St. Louis world's fair, on Robert Hoe, of printing press fame, and "Mankind in the Making," that appear in the November Cosmopolitan, are quoted from, among the "Leading Articles of the Month."

Other "Captains of Industry" dealt with in this number are the late Winfield Scott Stratton, on whom Mr. Samuel E. Moffett writes; Mr. James R. Keene, whom Mr. Edwin Lefèvre describes as 'the greatest stock gambler that ever lived;" Mayor Tom L. Johnson, called by Henry George, Jr., "a monopolist who is spending his wealth to destroy the sources of monopoly;" and F. W. Roebling, the head of the great wiremaking industry in Trenton, N. J., which puts out $15,000,000 worth of wire a year.

PERILS OF MODERN BALLOONING.

Mr. Samuel E. Moffett, writing on "Dangerous Occupations," puts first the profession of ballooning, lately come into vogue. The plain balloonist has dangers enough, but Mr. Moffett explains that the man who runs an airship by a machine has infinitely more perils. There is always more or less gas escaping from a balloon, and it seems inevitable that some should find its way to the motor and end the career of the aëronaut. However, this particular kind of catastrophe has not yet come, although Santos-Dumont has experienced almost every other. A dirigible balloon is peculiarly liable to wreck from the fact that its fragile structure is forced against the wind instead of being carried along with it. There is also the danger of explosions from expansion of the gas. It was this that wrecked Severo's Pax on May 12, and dashed its rash designer to the ground from a height of nearly 2,000 feet at three times the velocity of the Empire State Express.

MILTON'S PLACE AMONG THE POETS.

There is a posthumous essay by John Fiske on John Milton, which ends with a clean-cut classification of the blind poet. "By common consent of educated mankind, three poets-Homer, Dante, and Shakespearestand above all others. For the fourth place there are competitors: two Greeks, Eschylus and Sophocles; two Romans, Lucretius and Virgil; one German, Goethe. In this high company belongs John Milton; and there are men who would rank him first, after the unequaled three." Other articles in this number deal with the recent United States naval manœuvres, "German Court Beauties," "What Women Like in Women," and other lighter subjects.

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THE WORLD'S WORK.

HE November number of the World's Work contains the address delivered by Mr. Andrew Carnegie at the University of St. Andrew, Edinburgh, which we have quoted from among the "Leading Articles of the Month."

THE REAL RULER OF RUSSIA.

The "Real Rulers of Russia," by Wolf von Schierbrand, attempts to explain the limitations of the Czar's power, and to analyze Russian character. This writer says the Czar is not the sole ruler of his people; that three other autocrats divide the power, and that these are three words in the Russian language: Nitshewo, Winowat, and Natshai. The first of these words means "nothing," "never mind." Every disquieting thought is dismissed with a "nitshewo," which perhaps means more nearly "What are you going to do about it?" The second word, winowat, means literally "I am guilty," "I own up to it," but also implies "What is the use of my denying it ?" The third fatal word originally stood "for tea,"-like the French pourboire,-then came to be used to mean "for vodka" (corn-brandy); and, finally, it rose to imply the very essence of corruption, probably akin to our "graft." This last autocrat Herr von Schierbrand thinks the mightiest of them all. "Without natshai you would be unable to accomplish anything in Russia, all the orders and the decrees of the nominal Czar at St. Petersburg to the contrary notwithstanding.”

THE FISHERIES OF THE GREAT LAKES.

W. S. Harwood has a well-illustrated article, "Saving the Fisheries of Our Inland Seas." He tells how more than 100,000,000 pounds of trout and whitefish are taken from the Great Lakes in a year, and of the Government restocking to repair the ravages of wasteful fishermen. It is a pretty big task to restock Lake Superior, an inland sea 400 miles long, 1,500 miles in circumference, and averaging 1,000 feet deep; but the Government seems to be accomplishing it. The fish are caught in huge nets and chiefly by Americans. They were pursued so constantly that they would soon become extinct but for the governmental aid in stocking. Thus, in Lake Ontario, the catch of whitefish-the most delicious of the lake fish,-fell from 1,156,200 pounds in 1868 to 126,650 pounds in 1895; and the catch of trout, for the same period, from 612,000 pounds to 109,300 pounds. The basis of the governmental work is collecting the eggs and hatching them artificially. The artificial hatch is very much more prolific than the natural hatch.

THE COMING DELUGE OF GOLD.

Charles M. Harvey calls attention to "Another Revolutionary Increase of Gold," from the mines of South Africa. He says that, by 1904, a complete resumption of mining in the Transvaal-together with a like increase in the rest of the productive countries,--will send the world's output up to $400,000,000 a year, as compared with a little over a quarter of that amount in 1890. Mr. Harvey says America will be the largest gainer by the gold deluge, as America is the best field for the investment of money that the world affords, having the most varied, extensive, and profitable of the world's industrial activities.

OTHER ARTICLES.

Mr. M. G. Cunniff, in a series of first-hand studies of labor problems, writes on "The Human Side of the

Labor Unions," and finds suspicion the prevailing mood of employer and union. He quotes labor leaders to the effect that misunderstandings cause half the labor troubles: "A union hates a typewritten letter, but it likes a man." Julian Ralph writes on "The Moral Soundness of American Life;" Henry Harrison Lewis gives a glimpse of the personality, and of the working habits, of Col. John Jacob Astor, under the title "The Quiet Control of a Vast Estate; " Frank M. Chapman describes the work of the American Museum of Natural History, and how it acts both as an investigator and teacher of natural science; Ivy Lee describes the New Stock Exchange Building in New York, and some remarkable features of its construction, and Mr. James H. Bridge gives the views of important leaders of industrial combinations, under the title "Trusts as Their Makers View them."

COUNTRY LIFE.

HE November Country Life has an eminently time

ing the growing of the turkeys in the State of Rhode Island, and the cranberry at home in the marshes of Cape Cod and New Jersey.

Answering the question, "Does Farm Forestry Pay?'' Mr. Allen Chamberlain has a very interesting account of some actual successes of New England farmers, where the father sowed and the son reaped. In one case a Mr. Cutter, of Pelham, N. H., began caring for a forty-acre tract of self-seeded pine timber, thinning out the trees and, furthermore, pruning about an acre each year after the growth was ten years old. This furnished much amusement for the neighbors; but Mr. Cutter's son has recently logged 700,000 feet of lumber from this tract, leaving no less than 300,000 feet standing; this gives an average of 25,000 feet to the acre, and much of the Michigan old pine lands only cut about 5,000 feet to the acre. Another New Hampshire man, the Hon. John D. Lyman, of Exeter, has a hobby of white-pine culture cultivated most successfully. He plants 30,000 white pine trees to the acre,-thick enough to give the young trees long, straight bodies, free from limbs for quite a distance from the ground; these are thinned out until the final stand will have from 50 to 160 trees to the acre. Mr. Lyman reckons the land, before planting, at $10 an acre; and the interest at 4 per cent., compound, shows that a lot will stand its owner in 54 years about $80 per acre. On this basis he makes a good profit from his white-pine planting.

Bryant Fleming describes the famous Hunnewell Estate at Wellesley, founded by the late H. H. Hunnewell, with its Italian gardens and magnificent plantations of conifers, on the shore of Lake Waban, opposite Wellesley College. There is a very pleasant account of an old-time-home garden at Cazenovia Lake; an article on quail and quail shooting, and a chapter on staircases, in the series on "The Making of a Country Home."

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Handicraft," and takes the ground that the handicrafts of the Renaissance embody vices of design which unfit them to be taken by the modern artisan as exemplary models for imitation. He complains, too, that the commercial spirit has too much of a place as a motive for artistic production. This commercial spirit, however, does not wholly explain why the better things which a few exceptionally able craftsmen produce do not readily find a market. The most important reason is that people do not care enough for the fine arts. "Our absorbing interests and successful achievements are in other directions. Men always do best what the largest number of the most intelligent among them care most for. Our predominant interests are plainly not at present in the direction of the fine arts."

LITERARY TASTE IN THE TENEMENT.

Elizabeth McCracken, in "The Book in the Tenement," shows some interesting experiences she has had in finding out the reading tastes and capacities of tenement dwellers. The native instinct and taste for real literature as shown by this inquirer's explorations is remarkably true in the entity. "Grimm's Fairy Tales" delighted a tenement girl who thought Mr. Herford's "Primer of Natural History" silly. The climax of the tenement criticism of Henrik Ibsen's dramas was "They don't help you, and you can't enjoy 'em." Kipling was a prime favorite. "The Christian" failed to satisfy, and "The Tragic Muse" was unappreciated.

IS HUMAN EYESIGHT DETERIORATING?

Mr. A. B. Norton, discussing "The Care of the Eyes," expresses the belief that our collective eyesight is deteriorating, and that this fact is due to neglect of the eyes and the injudicious use of glasses. There were, in 1890, over 50,000 totally blind people in the United States, which gives a proportion slightly less than the world's average. Mr. Norton says no one but the oculist appreciates the amount of suffering and ill health caused by defective eyes. The public is gradually becoming educated on this subject, however; and, nowadays, it is not unusual for a family to consult an oculist first when a daughter is troubled with headaches. Many nervous and mental troubles result from eye-strain, and can be cured by correcting the trouble in the sight. This writer says that every school should possess a series of test letters, and that each scholar at the commencement of each term should have the eyes examined by the teacher. Mr. Norton gives some valuable information as to the supplying of light in the schoolroom, and as to the reform of school studies with a view to their effect on the eyes of the pupils. He warns us that the prevalent habit of going without glasses for reading, as long as possible, is a bad one. All normal eyes require glasses for near vision about the age of forty or forty-five; postponing their use later than this age causes an effort which does harm.

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all their possessions, by Judge Taft is considerably under $10,000,000, which estimate is considered a just, if not a generous, one. There are half a dozen foreign firms in Manila without the knowledge of the people and the islands which the friars possess, who have made as much money as this out of the Philippines within the decade."

EXPERT EVIDENCE.

Justice John Woodward, of the New York Supreme Court, maintains that, in criminal cases, the State should pay the experts called on both sides, a legal, absolute, and fair standard of compensation having been established. The expert can then have no incentive to be dishonest. The witness' chair would then afford no opportunity for exploitation by the sensational selfseeker.

DENMARK AND THE UNITED STATES.

Mrs. Gertrude Atherton summarizes the conditions of the substitute treaty, which is said to meet with the approval of the Danish party opposed to the sale of the Virgin Islands to the United States, as follows:

"That Denmark shall cede to the United States either St. Thomas or St. John, both of which islands have excellent harbors; that she shall guarantee never to sell the other islands to any power whatsoever, except the United States of America; that the United States shall, in return, arrange for tariff concessions to St. Croix.

"No money will change hands, and the United States will have the additional advantage of almost encompassing Denmark with the Monroe Doctrine, thus giving herself an excuse to check Russia, when that cormorant makes her first sign of closing in upon Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, and threatens American trade in the Baltic. Denmark would part with one of her islands without regret, on account of the great advantage accruing to the most important, commercially, of the group, St. Croix; and the United States would gain the only advantage she wants, and be delivered from another incubus."

SUFFRAGE RESTRICTION IN THE SOUTH.

Mr. Clarence H. Poe, writing on the South's new method of dealing with the negro vote,-as illustrated in recent State constitutional conventions,-holds that this method, "in spite of appearances of injustice, promises better government, fairer elections, greater political freedom, and more generous treatment of the negro than would be possible were the national Government to compel a return to the policy of so-called unrestricted suffrage."

CAPTAIN HOBSON'S NAVAL PROGRAMME.

In an article under the taking title, "America Mistress of the Seas," Capt. Richmond Pearson Hobson outlines the following programme for the building up of our navy: "To start with the appropriation made at the Congress just adjourned, about $30,000,000, and make an increase of 85,000,000 for next year, or $35,000,000 altogether for 1903, and increase this amount by $5,000,000, or $40,000,000 altogether for 1904, and so on; increasing for each year by $5,000,000 the appropriation of the previous year, making for 1905, $45,000,000; 1906, $50,000,000 1907, $55,000,000; 1908, $60,000,000; 1909, $65,000,000; 1910, $70,000,000; 1911, $75,000,000; 1912, $80,000, 000; 1913, $85,000,000; 1914, $90,000,000; 1915, $95,000,000: 1916, $100,000,000; and so on, till we become the first

naval power. If the European nations continue to build along their present lines, I estimate that we should overtake Great Britain about 1920, when-at the rate indicated, our naval appropriation for new ships would be $120,000,000. The probabilities are strong, however, that the powers will accelerate even their present rates of increase, and we could scarcely expect to reach the top before 1930, when the annual appropriation would be $170,000,000 for new ships."

OTHER ARTICLES.

Acting Adj.-Gen. W. H. Carter, U.S.A., advocates "A General Staff for the Army;" Mr. Walter Littlefield describes the effect of the Associations Law in France; Mr. R. B. Van Cortlandt writes on "Social Conditions and Business Success;" the Hon. Hannis Taylor on "An Ideal School of Politics and Jurisprudence ;" and Sir Gilbert Parker on "Mr. Balfour and his Opportunities." The Hon. O. P. Austin contributes the first of a series of articles on "The Public Debt of the United States." There is a posthumous paper by the late Professor Schenck, of Vienna, on "The Mechanical Development of Sex."

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THE FORUM.

HE second quarterly issue of the Forum has excellent reviews of "American Politics," by Henry Litchfield West; "Foreign Affairs," by A. Maurice Low; "Finance," by A. D. Noyes; "Applied Science," by Henry Harrison Suplee; "Literature," by Frank J. Mather, Jr.; "Music," by Henry T. Finck; "Sculpture," by Russell Sturgis ; and "Educational Outlook," by Ossian H. Lang. All of these articles are in the nature of résumés of recent developments in the various fields surveyed.

In the department of "Educational Research," the editor, Dr. J. M. Rice, contributes an account of "A Test in Arithmetic."

GROWTH OF REVOLUTIONARY SPIRIT IN RUSSIA. Dr. Isaac A. Hourwich, writing on "The Political Situation in Russia," emphasizes the recent spread of revolutionary propaganda:

"For twenty years the government has managed to keep down the demand for constitutional reform, until now it is again met with the same agitation, renewed with greater vigor. It has been stated in a recent pamphlet by Mr. Bourtzeff-the Russian refugee, who has served a sentence of imprisonment in England for advocating in his publication the methods of the terrorists-that but a few years ago his appeals met with general disapproval among Russian revolutionary organizations. Since last year, however, the terrorists have been as active as during the days of the 'Executive Committee,' and there is only one little faction among the Russian social democrats that opposes them. Revolutionary conspiracy to-day has scores of thousands of active sympathizers to feed upon, where the Executive Committee of 1879-81 had only hundreds."

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Ward Stimson; and on "Individual Freedom," by Eugene Del Mar.

Of a more concrete nature is the topic treated by Mr. James Allmann-"Russia as a Social Factor," This writer shows that, while in other lands a socialistic system can only be attained by the antagonism of classes and the overthrow of governments, in Russia it would simply mean the overthrowing of a despot. All else would easily follow.

CHILD LABOR IN SOUTHERN FACTORIES.

The importance of the movement to restrict child labor in the South is clearly brought out in an article by Mrs. Leonora Beck Ellis, who describes the situation as follows:

"The marvelous industrial transformation of the last decade has wrought as great a change in the moral questions bound up with such development. The mills in the South are suddenly reckoned by the hundreds; soon by the thousands; and the people of that section are confronted with the appalling fact that in many of these mills from 20 to 30 per cent. of the operatives are under sixteen years of age, hundreds of them being children of twelve, eleven, ten, and, in some cases, even younger.

"Public feeling has been greatly stirred on this score during the last two or three years, and bills for regulating child labor are now pending before the General Assembly of every cotton-growing State that has also entered cotton manufacturing. Tennessee, a sister of these (and, although reckoned chiefly a grain-producing and pastoral State, yet rich in minerals and boasting many large woolen mills), merits particular mention as having already passed an enactment fixing the age of employment of children in factories, mines, and similar places of labor at fourteen years, while Louisiana has for almost a decade restricted the age of girls to fourteen, and of boys to twelve."

Similar measures failed of passage in Georgia, Alabama, and the Carolinas, but are now strongly supported in these and other States.

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F. W. Edridge-Green and E. G. P. Bousfield write on "The Abuse and Control of Hypnotism." They demand that the practice of hypnotism should be restricted, like that of vivisection, to qualified persons, in whose hands it may be used for the good of humanity, and not for mischievous objects. At all events, persons who desire to practice hypnotism should be required to take out a license. The writers discuss the assertions made by the present advertisers of hypnotic cures, and state certain guiding facts. Hypnotism, they declare, is bound in time to prove more or less deleterious. It is possible to hypnotize a person gradually without his realizing the fact. It is not true to say that any one who is hypnotized has done more himself to induce the condition than the operator has done.

THE FRENCH IN CENTRAL AFRICA.

Mr. Edgar J. Wardle, in an article under the above

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