be formed between so many countries, so far distant from each other. There are still other obstacles. The English colonies will never be interested in the complications of European international politics. At Washington, in official circles, men are fairly well informed on the subject of the internal affairs of the European states; but for the mass of Americans there is, on the other side of the Atlantic, one great power-which is England, and another great power-which is Europe. The names of the different parts of the Continent are well known, it is true, but well known as are the divisions of the Chinese Empire, or the territorial governments of Russia, to the masses in France. Such is exactly the attitude of the English colonies in regard to the affairs of Europe. How, under such conditions, could there possibly exist an imperial diplomacy?"

THE MONROE DOCTRINE.

In 1897, appeared Captain Mahan's "Interest of America in Sea Power, Present and Future." In this work Captain Mahan insists on the strategic importance that the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea will assume, in consequence of the opening of an interoceanic canal, and on account of the political instability of the states of tropical America.

He says:

"The demand for a more regular government must arise in these states torn by internal dissensions. When this demand comes, no theory like the Monroe Doctrine will prevent the nations concerned from trying to remedy this evil by some step which-by whatever name it may be disguised,-will, inevitably, be a political intervention. This intervention will cause collisions which may, perhaps, be resolved by arbitration, but very probably will lead to war. As far as one can judge, the moment will come when the states of tropical America will be given stable governments by the powerful states actually existing in America and in Europe. The geographical position of these countries, and their climatic conditions, clearly establish that sea power' will determine to which foreign state will fall the ascendancy. The geographical situation of the United States, and her great resources, will give her an incontestable advantage. But this advantage will not avail her if there exists a great inferiority-from the point of view of organized material force. which constitutes the last argument of republics, as well as kings."

"All this volume," says M Moireau, "however diverse in appearance the subjects singly treated are, is a development of the idea that th 1 States, in order to sustain the Mon

roe Doctrine, should become a strong naval power. The articles which compose it have a prophetic tinge; they herald a near future; and yet they begin to date from afar, for the future announced is already being realized. The tone, even, of these studies allows one to appreciate the enormous progress the United States has made in the course which Mahan wished her to pursue. The author would not have to write them to-day; for the majority of the questions which are there put are actually resolved, and have received exactly the solutions which he held desirable. Mahan will not have played the rôle of Cassandra. At the time he was adjuring his country to become a great naval power, in order that the Monroe Doctrine might not become the laughing-stock of Europe, the United States was constructing a war fleet; and a group of patriotic Senators at Washington was preparing the double blow which was to deprive Spain of her last possession in the Antilles and to render the American Government mistress of future interoceanic communication by means of the Central American isthmus."

PROF.

SHALL THE FILIPINOS KEEP THEIR LAND? ROF. J. W. JENKS, who has recently been studying conditions in the Philippines in the course of a trip around the world, discusses "Some Philippine Problems" in the November McClure's. One of these is the question whether the Filipinos shall keep their land.

SPECULATORS OUGHT TO BE KEPT OUT.

The Government owns millions of acres of

land in the Philippines,-forest, mineral and agricultural,—and much other valuable land is owned by the natives. Professor Jenks emphasizes the point that these lands ought to be developed for the good of all. "Already, even before the Government can grant titles, Americans and foreigners are striving to put claims on valuable hotel sites, hot springs, prospective mines, fine farming lands, and profitable forests. The Government, by Act of Congress, has wisely decided to keep the forests in its own hands, and to lease simply the right of cutting timber under Government direction. The agricultural lands also need to be no less carefully protected."

THE FILIPINO MUST NOT SELL HIS BIRTHRIGHT.

Professor Jenks says that if the Filipinos, the Americans, and the Chinese are given equal chances for obtaining land in fee simple, it will not be long before the Americans and Chinese will own the land, and the Filipinos will be tenants, not much more fortunate than serfs bound to the soil. The Filipinos, although they have

many good qualities, are still so thriftless, on the average, that they will likely sell any property which will bring them any immediate cash.

The United States should allow the Filipinos to sell their lands only with the permission of the local government, and they should be aided in making leases, and in securing terms, which will prevent their land from being cropped.

LAND-GRABBING BY LARGE CORPORATIONS..

There is danger that large corporations and wealthy individuals will get great tracts of land, ostensibly for raising sugar, tobacco, hemp, and fruit, but really to hold for speculation. fessor Jenks says we should heed the centuryold lessons of India and Java, and have the state hold its lands, leasing them on liberal terms by a perpetual grant, so that the holder may keep possession as long as he pays his rent and cultivates his land, while the state will retain the right to revise rentals, at regular inter vals, and insist that those who fail to cultivate their lands shall forfeit their claims. This will

The native Filipinos. though quick and goodnatured, are not strong or well suited for heavy manual labor, nor are they thrifty, and there is a real dearth of labor now in the Philippines. The Chinese now in the islands are not laborers, but shrewd traders who live largely on the thriftlessness of the natives. To do the great work of industrial regeneration that the country needs,―to build the roads, railroads, harbors,many strong manual laborers are necessary, and there is a growing disposition to bring in the Chinese for this purpose. Professor Jenks, from the experience of other Oriental countries as well as of the United States, argues against opening the Philippines freely to the Chinese. He thinks there will be practically no danger, however, in admitting them in groups under contract, with their employers under bonds to keep them employed in the way specified in the contract to feed, house, and care for them properly; to see that they do not desert and enter other lines of trade; and to return them to their own country when their task is done.

T

MOROCCO AND ITS SULTAN.

is easy to believe that Morocco possesses great interest and fascination, and still easier after reading Captain Fawcett's entertaining pages in the Pall Mall Magazine for Octber. But for the present, at least, it would be difficult for any but men to go there, and in some parts impossible. In Marrakush the half-dozen resident English ladies must wear a sulham and yasmak in public to avoid insult. The sultan "is a most progressive monarch. He is a good billiard player and photographer, and is a perfect genius on a bicycle. Polo or pig-sticking on a bicycle are favorite amusements. He also has several motor-cars and a cinematograph.

"So far as the tourist is allowed to penetrate," Morocco is quite safe. Beyond the limits of safety a traveler must wear a disguise and court discomfort. Even the Sultan himself requires in much of his dominion a large army.

Why Morocco is now specially interesting is because at least five nations covet its grain-producing lands and their mineral wealth, and the day is nearing fast when its independence and semi-barbarous state must cease. England has at present two-thirds of its trade; Germany most of the other third. English influence at court is paramount, but France has taken most active steps to acquire the country. At present intrigues at court paralyze the much-needed reforms, and there is no permanence for anything.

THE ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION IN 1904.

EX-SENATOR JOHN M. THURSTON says

in the November Cosmopolitan, that the world's fair, to be held in St. Louis in 1904, promises to eclipse in magnificence and grandeur all expositions heretofore held. Its official title is to be The Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and it will commemorate the purchase of the Territory of Louisiana from France, consummated on April 30, 1803.

The company, under the presidency of exGov. David R. Francis, has already several millions of dollars more than was ever appropriated in advance on any similar occasion. It has a stock subscription of about $5,000,000; $5,000,000 of bonds voted by the city of St. Louis: and a government appropriation of $5,000,000. This is over and above the appropriations by the several States to be expended to exhibit their resources. Missouri has appropriated for this purpose $1,000,000, and Illinois $250,000.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ANNIVERSARY.

Senator Thurston thinks that in many respects the addition of the vast territory obtained by

THE MISSOURI STATE BUILDING.

the Louisiana Purchase was the most important event in our whole history. It has a region greater by 3,000 square miles than the entire area of the Federal Union in 1803. The thirteen States and two Territories since carved out of the purchase contain the homes of over 17;000,000 prosperous people,-nearly one-fourth the popu lation of the United States. This territory extended the boundaries of the United States to the Pacific Coast, thereby giving to the new Republic a continental domain from ocean to ocean, and making it impossible for any other nation to obtain a dangerous foothold upon the continent. It also secured for us the great Mississippi River and its tributaries.

THE THIRD GREAT AMERICAN EXPOSITION.

It will be the third great American exposition, for, up to the present time, we have had no truly American exhibitions except the Philadelphia Centennial, held in 1876, and the

Chicago World's Fair, held in 1893. There have been so many local exhibitions held in the last few years that many people are coming to look with disfavor upon enterprises of this kind. But the exhibition at St. Louis will rise above all local features, and will assume a dignity and character that must commend itself to the people of this country and of the whole world. It is certain that there will be assembled at St. Louis a greater and more varied exhibit from all parts of the world than has ever heretofore been brought together.

THE SITE OF THE EXPOSITION.

The site of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition will make possible a grander spectacle in architectural and scenic effects than even the Chicago Exposition of 1903. The grounds will embrace about 1,200 acres. The principal buildings, including the Government building and the foreign buildings, are located on the west half of Forest Reserve Park, a beautifully diversified piece of woodland. Ten of the most distinguished architects in the country have been working on the general design. The large architectural plan is severely classic, with modern adaptation.

DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE EXPOSITION.

The St. Louis Exposition is going to pay spe cial attention to aërial navigation. "Every fair has had its captive balloon tethered by a long

rope, and hauled down ingloriously by a windlass; but here, for the first time, fleets of soaring yachts will beat the air with untrammeled wings. There will be an airship tournament, with a prize of $100,000 for the winner, and other prizes, aggregating $100,000 more, for less successful competitors. An enormous number of candidates and varieties of flying machines have responded to the invitation. The two great schools of aëronauts,-the advocates of the aëroplane, and of the dirigible balloon,-will be represented by their most distinguished leaders, Sir Hiram Maxim and M. Santos-Dumont."

Another feature of the St. Louis fair will be the emphasis placed on processes of manufacture, rather than finished products. "In other words, instead of being a collection of showcases, it will be an industrial city in actual operation."

are the perfected conceptions of the three Robert Hoes.

This marvelous piece of mechanism uses up 120 miles of white paper every hour it runs. It prints, cuts, pastes, folds, counts, and delivers 180,000 eight-page newspapers an hour-3,000 a minute, 50 a second. Even this machine, baffling to the imagination, does not, in Mr. Hoe's belief, reach the limit of progress in this mechanical field. He thinks a new chapter in the history of printing is beginning, in the application of the rapid rotary system to bookwork and other fine printing. There will be rapid progress, too, in color printing; although his presses already give as many as eleven separate impressions or colors on a single copy of a paper, and can be made to produce magazine forms,-delivered, folded, cut, and automatically wire-stitched,-with all the pages printed in color or half-tones.

The first Robert Hoe came to New York from England in 1803, when he was eighteen years old. In a little shop in Maiden Lane he began building hand presses, and, in the course of a score of years, became an important press builder. Then the iron age reached the printing press, and, from that time on, its evolution was rapid. The first Robert Hoe, and his two sons, made one invention after the other in improving their presses, and some of their machines made in the first half of the last century are actually in use in small job offices to-day.

The present Robert Hoe was born in 1839, and identified himself, as soon as he was old enough to work, with the great industry of his

family. For forty years he has devoted himself to the improvement of printing. presses, and his name is as familiar in every town where English is spoken as in New York City.

When Mr. Hoe gets an idea that something should 'be done by machinery which has hitherto been done by hand, he has one of his sixty draughtsmen outline on paper the first part of his conception, and this is turned over to a specialist in the factory to develop. The next part is then taken up in the same way, and so on. If any difficulties arise, a general conclave of experts is held until the problem is solved. Then the idea is patented, and becomes a part

of the Hoe printing press. The Hoe printing press works in New York cover some fifteen acres of floor space, and there is another establishment in London of nearly half this size.

ENGLAND'S GREATEST SURGEON.

EVERY one is interested in the career and

life of the man who saved King Edward's life so recently. In the Woman at Home for October, Sarah A. Tooley praises the great surgeon, and indeed it would be hard to write of him without launching into praise. Sir Frederick Treves is one of the youngest great surgeons, and he is one of the best beloved by his colleagues, his students, and his patients. All who have been under the care of Sir Frederick, or who have met him in every-day life, will endorse all the writer has said in her article.

"He lives a simple life of hard work, rising at 5 o'clock in the morning and usually retiring. about 10. His recreations are principally of the aquatic kind. He is an expert swimmer, can manage almost any kind of water craft, and holds a pilot's certificate. He is an enthusiast for boat sailing and sea-fishing, and is never happier and more at home than on a yacht. The King had in him an ideal medical attendant, who could enter fully into his Majesty's anxiety to escape from Buckingham Palace to the sea breezes of the Solent. Yachting is Sir Frederick's own remedy for jaded nerves. Philanthropics connected with the deep-sea fishermen find a very warm advocate in Sir Frederick, as also the children's country-holiday scheme, and he has advanced both causes by public speeches on various occasions. For close upon thirty years has Sir Frederick been familiar with the life of East London, and few know better than he the somber shadows of pain and distress which darken its people. Hospital wards are full of the tragedies of human life, and no one has a more compassionate heart for the suffering poor than the great surgeon who has minis

tered to them.

"He was born at Dorchester, in 1853, and is consequently in the very prime of his manhood. He received his education at the Merchant Tailors' School, and having decided to become a doctor, pursued his studies at the London Hospital. He was a young man of life and energy, fond of sports of all kinds, and particularly of boating and sailing. Although brilliantly clever, there is a rumor that young Treves was fonder of pleasure than work in his early student days. Suddenly, however, he began to take things more seriously, and gave undoubted evidence of future greatness. At twenty-eight he was ap

wonderful success, there having been only two deaths among his patients.

"At the outbreak of the South African War Sir Frederick volunteered for service, and was appointed consulting surgeon to the field forces in Natal, leaving his beloved work at the London Hospital and his consulting practice in Wimpole Street to administer to Tommy on the battlefield. He was with the main column from Colenso to Ladysmith, and did a great amount of splendid surgery, and also found time to set down some observations of the scenes around him in his Tale of a Field Hospital,' which, for delicate humor and pathos, descriptive. power, and for tender sympathy with the wounded soldier, has no equal in the literature which the war called forth.

"Sir Frederick Treves is probably the most