ties," "The Origin and Development of Forest Work in the United States," "Needs and Possibilities of Organization among Farmers," and "Agriculture and the Home Market." Dr. Graham Taylor, of the Chicago Commons social settlement, contributes an interesting paper on "The Church as a Center of Rural Organization;" the Hon. E. A. Prouty, of the Interstate Commerce Commission, treats of "The Dependence of Agriculture upon Transportation ;" and Secretary Wilson, of the Department of Agriculture, outlines the relation of his department at Washington to the individual farmer. All of these papers will be found exceedingly helpful to all interested in the movement for the betterment of rural conditions in our country.

Among the recent publications relating to municipal government, the monograph by President Edmund J. James, of the Northwestern University, on "Municipal Administration in Germany, as Seen in the Government of the Typical Prussian City, Halle," is one of the most important (University of Chicago Press). In less than one hundred pages Dr. James gives a full and clear account of the organization of the city government, the functions of the various officials and boards, the municipal operation of public services,—such as water, gas, and electricity,—and a brief note on the management of the city's cemeteries. A careful reading of Dr. James' monograph will put any intelligent American in possession of the essential facts necessary to an intelligent comprehension of the German municipal system.

The Committee of Fifteen's report on "The Social Evil, with Special Reference to Conditions Existing in the City of New York" (Putnams), is a work of far more than local interest, since it includes a thorough and useful discussion of the systems of regulation of prostitution adopted in Paris, Berlin, and other European cities, with an exhaustive setting forth of the American conditions, especially in their sanitary aspects. Many of the conclusions reached by the committee are as applicable to other American cities as to New York, although the peculiar conditions arising there from the enforcement of the so-called "Raines Law," regulating the liquor traffic, have made appropriate several chapters of special recommendations. All in all, the report contains by far the most satisfactory treatment of this problem from the American point of view that has appeared up to the present time.

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'Principles of Sanitary Science and the Public Health," by William T. Sedgwick, Ph.D. (Macmillan), is a volume that has been developed from a course of lectures on these subjects given by the author to students in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The material embraced in these lectures, however, is of great value to publicists and physicians who have to do with public questions of sanitation. The work has been written with special reference to the causation and prevention of infectious diseases, and includes the most recent conclusions of specialists on these important subjects. Dr. Sedgwick's chapters on sewage and water-supply, based as they are on actual observation and experience in various American cities, are especially valuable. Prof. James Henry Hamilton, of Syracuse University, has written a popular account of "Savings and Savings Institutions" (Macmillan). Professor Hamilton has given special attention to the municipal and post-office savings banks of Europe, and a large part of the present volume is devoted to a description of the principles and working systems of these very useful and popular institutions.

In "The Citizen's Library of Economics, Politics, and Sociology," edited by Prof. Richard T. Ely (Macmillan), Prof. Paul S. Reinsch, of the University of Wisconsin, contributes a volume on "Colonial Government." In the first part of his book Professor Reinsch gives a brief survey of the motives and methods of colonial expansion, so as to furnish the historical point of view. In the second part he deals with the general forms of colonial government, and in the third part he presents an outline of administrative organization and legislative methods. His main purpose is to set forth the outline of the colonial policy of European powers. He makes no attempt to apply the information directly to American problems. Such a review of the motives and principles adopted by other nations in their colonial administration should be helpful in building up an American colonial system. In the present volume, however, little attempt is made to discuss specific problems of colonial administration, such as finance, taxation, immigration, and so forth, but the author promises to deal with these topics in a subsequent volume.

"The Eastern Question: A Study in Diplomacy" is the subject of a monograph contributed to the Columbia University series of "Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law" (Macmillan) by Dr. Stephen P. H. Duggan. The author begins his history with the treaty of Kainardji, of 1774, and brings the account down to the Turko-Greek War of 1897.

The Outlook Company, of New York, publishes in a handsomely printed volume a survey by Governor Taft of what has been accomplished in the Philippines in establishing civil government, prefaced by a personal sketch of Governor Taft written by President Roosevelt shortly before the assassination of President McKinley, and first published in the Outlook about a year ago. As a record of recent history in the Philippines, Governor Taft's article has special value, and is well worthy of the permanent form that has been given to it.

A new edition of "The Future of War," by the late M. Jean de Bloch, with an introduction by Mr. Edwin D. Mead, has just been issued at Boston (Ginn & Co.). Perhaps it is not generally understood that the work as it appears in English is a translation of only the last one of the six volumes which were published in Russian five or six years ago. It is stated, however, that a complete English edition is now in preparation. The present volume contains the exceedingly interesting conversation with M. de Bloch by Mr. W. T. Stead which ap peared in an earlier edition.

A fresh subject has been found by Dr. Yetaro Kinosita, who writes in the Columbia University "Studies of History, Economics, and Public Law" on "The Past and Present of Japanese Commerce" (Macmillan). The author explains that Japanese students who come to America to study economic science are handicapped by the fact that the appearance of this science in Japan is only of the most recent date. No Japanese economist of note has as yet arisen, and it may be said that there is no classical work of economics in the language of Japan except a few translations from European writers. The admitted importance of Japan in the industrial awakening of the far East is surely sufficient reason in itself why the Western nations should become more familiar with Japan's economic past, and, as the author truly says, in order to understand Japan's present economic condition, it is necessary to know the vicissitudes through which she has gone.

One of the reprints issued by the University of Chi

cago Press from the University Decennial Publications, a series intended to set forth and exemplify the material and intellectual growth of the institution during its first decade, is a discussion of "Credit," by Prof. J. Laurence Laughlin. The subject is presented with the clearness of statement and soundness of reasoning which have distinguished all of Professor Laughlin's utterances on this and kindred topics.

An attempt to present some of the fundamental economic truths of the time with a clearness and conciseness fitted to make the presentation attractive to the busy "average man" has resulted in Mr. George L. Bolen's "Plain Facts as to the Trusts and the Tariff" (Macmillan). The author abjures idle speculations and confines himself rigidly to the actualities of the modern business world. His discussions are supplemented with references to the latest and most authoritative writers on various phases of the problems treated. Mr. Bolen has shown himself able to state fairly the opposing arguments on controverted points without lapsing into the condition of utter nervelessness which the mere summarizer often betrays. He forms his own conclusions, and seems glad to have his readers form theirs. The work includes chapters on the railroad problem and municipal monopolies.

In Mr. George Cator's monograph on "Trust Companies in the United States," appearing in the Johns Hopkins University "Studies in Historical and Political Science" (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press), there is an interesting account of the use of the term "trust in the titles of different corporations, followed by a discussion of the functions exercised by trust companies and of their regulation by the state. The author concludes with suggestions as to some of the causes leading to the growth of these institutions, and explaining the place occupied by them. In appendices are comprised sketches of two of the early trust companies, schedules of legislation, and tables of statistics.

BOOKS OF REFERENCE.

President Gilman, Prof. Harry Thurston Peck, and Prof. Frank Moore Colby have set before themselves a task of no small proportions in undertaking the editorship of "The New International Encyclopædia” (Dodd, Mead & Co.). On the basis of the two volumes that have thus far been issued no general estimate of the work is possible, but it may be well to mention the four attributes which, in the opinion of the editors, combine to form the ideal encyclopædia. These are: First, accuracy of statement; second, comprehensiveness of scope; third, lucidity and attractiveness of presentation; and fourth, convenience of arrangement." However widely the users of encyclopædias may differ as to the relative importance to be assigned to these several desiderata, there would be general agreement, we think, that they include the qualities first to be sought. In mechanical features "The New International" is a model of serviceability. The type is clear, the illustrations appropriate and helpful, the maps authentic, and the volumes of convenient size. As the publication of the work progresses we shall have occasion to comment, from time to time, on the salient features of the letterpress.

The fact that the latest volume of Appleton's "Annual Cyclopedia" contains a large number of articles of more than transient interest makes a reference to it at this late date not inappropriate. Among these articles there is one on automobiles, one on bookbinding, one on

and New Year's Day. The most important secular holidays observed in America, Great Britain, Ireland, and Canada are also included. The volume contains a topical index and an index of authors, and a complete bibliography is also included.

Although only one of the three large volumes of the "Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology," edited by Prof. J. Mark Baldwin (Macmillan), has as yet appeared, it is possible to gain from this a fairly correct impression of the character of the work. The staff of contributors embraces specialists in all parts of the world, and consulting editors in England, France, Germany, and Italy have supplied recommendations as to foreign equivalents for all the terms defined in the work. Each one of the articles has been submitted to competent authorities especially versed in the topics treated, and Dr. Baldwin's own marked qualifications as editor of such a work have already been demonstrated in earlier undertakings.

"The Municipal Year Book," issued by the Engineering News Publishing Company of New York, will be found an indispensable book of reference for all city officials and others in any way interested in American municipal government. The book is edited by Mr. M. N. Baker, associate editor of the Engineering News and editor of various works on municipal engineering, and combines a directory of municipal officials and franchise companies, an exhibit of municipal and private ownership, and an outline of leading public works and services in each of the 1,524 largest municipalities in the country, including all incorporated places of 3,000 population or upward as shown by the census of 1900, and, in addition, all New England "towns" of like size are included in Mr. Baker's tabulations. As an exhibit of the relative extent of municipal and private ownership, the book is unique. The information is first given alphabetically by States, together with other facts relating to various cities and towns, and is next presented alone in compact tabular form, with the cities appended in their order of population. Municipal boards and committees having to do with water-supply, sewage, or other similar topics should find this book of great service in enabling them to make comparative studies of places of the same general size. The book is based on special returns made, with a very few exceptions, by the city officials of the several places included.

"The Statistician and Economist," of San Francisco (L. P. McCarty), into which such an astonishing amount of useful information is packed, will hereafter be issued biennially instead of annually. This work is a combination of cyclopedia, chronological summary, technical handbook, almanac, and economic year-book. There is no other publication quite like it in the United States, nor, so far as we are aware, in any foreign country.

It is not often that one can find between the covers of a single volume selections from so wide a range of sources as have been gathered by Mr. J. N. Larned in his book entitled "A Multitude of Counsellors" (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.). In this work Mr. Larned has drawn on the codes, precepts, and rules of life embodied in ancient Egyptian, Greek, Roman, mediæval, and modern writings. All schools of thought are represented, and a more comprehensive compilation of wisdom could hardly be imagined.

The handbook of "Libraries of Greater New York," issued by the New York Library Club, shows that the libraries of the American metropolis number 288, or, in

cluding branch libraries, 350. The name, location, history, regulations, resources, and number of volumes of each library are given, as well as special collections, where such exist. There is also a manual and historical sketch of the Library Club. Special students can make good use of this manual as a guide to direct them to the best places in which to carry on their researches (New York: Gustav E. Stechert, 9 East Sixteenth Street).

ETHICAL AND RELIGIOUS WORKS.

It is entirely appropriate that Mr. Booker T. Washington's volume on "Character Building" (Doubleday, Page & Co.) should head the list of recent publications of this class, for it may well be doubted whether any other book of the year will accomplish so much by way of direct moral influence on individual lives. The book is made up of selections from Mr. Washington's famous Sunday evening talks to the students of Tuskegee Institute. Quite apart from the literary value of these addresses-and this is by no means slight-the moral strength and earnestness of this leader of his race is nowhere else so well exemplified. These talks are all on practical topics, and must have appealed with great force to the young negro men and women to whom they were addressed. These are a few of the topics which best illustrate the nature of the talks: "Helping Others," "On Influencing by Example," "The Virtue of Simplicity," "On Getting a Home," "The Value of System in Home Life," "Education that Educates," "The Importance of being Reliable," "Keeping Your Word," "The Gospel of Service," "Some Great Little Things," "The Cultivation of Stable Habits," "Getting On in the World," "Character as Shown in Dress," "Getting Down to Mother Earth," and "A Penny Saved." In not a few of these addresses there is a suggestion of the real eloquence for which Mr. Washington has long been distinguished; but the feature which gives them their value in their present form, as well as when originally delivered, is their invigorating moral tone.

The latest exposition of the science of ethics to come from the schools is Prof. George Trumbull Ladd's elabborate volume entitled "Philosophy of Conduct " (Scribners). While Professor Ladd has adhered to the philosophical treatment throughout his work, he regards philosophy itself as the "investigation and interpretation of the sum total of human experience," and wholly disregards the à priori method adopted by those writers on ethics who are inclined to ignore the actual facts of conduct "or the current opinions of mankind respecting the significance and the value of these facts." Ethics, in Professor Ladd's view, must always remain practical, however metaphysical it may become, "for ethics has its roots in the facts of experience, and its fruitage must be an improvement of experience." While, therefore, Professor Ladd's treatise is fundamentally a philosophical one, the discussion is conducted in accordance with modern methods and with constant reference to the actual facts of human life and conduct.

Dr. Fairbairn's work on "The Philosophy of the Christian Religion" (Macmillan) is described by its author as an attempt to do two things: First, to explain religion through nature and man; and, secondly, to construe Christianity through religion. He defines his book as neither a philosophy nor a history of religion, but as "an endeavor to look at what is at once the central fact and idea of the Christian faith by a man

whose chief labor in life has been to make such a philosophy through such a history." The problems which this book attempts to solve are, in brief, these: "What is religion in general? How and why has it arisen? What causes have made religions to differ? What are the ultimate constituents of religious ideas and beliefs, or customs and institutions?"

The volume entitled "Through Science to Faith," by Newman Smyth (Scribners), contains a course of lectures given before the Lowell Institute of Boston. Dr. Smyth recognizes the value to theologians of a working knowledge of modern methods of scientific inquiry, and even goes so far as to demand some acquaintance with biological studies and results as a required part of instruction in the schools of theology. His present volume, however, is not intended merely for the clergy or for teachers, but for the general reader who wishes to inform himself concerning the scope and tendencies of evolution.

"The Reasonableness of Faith," by Dr. W. S. Rainsford (Doubleday, Page & Co.), is a volume of addresses given on various occasions by the well-known rector of St. George's, New York, on practical themes related to religious life. These addresses are infused with the healthy and vigorous moral earnestness of the speaker.

Count Tolstoy's most recent utterances on religious themes are included in the volume entitled "What Is Religion? and Other New Articles and Letters" (Crowell). The fact that Count Tolstoy was excommunicated by the Russian Church only a few months ago lends iuterest to his essay on religious tolerance, written as late as January of the present year.

Prof. George H. Gilbert, whose liberal scholarship recently led to his separation from the Chicago Theological Seminary, has written a brief "Primer of the Christian Religion, Based on the Teaching of Jesus, Its Founder and Living Lord" (Macmillan). The writer's well-known sympathy with the principles of modern Biblical investigation makes this attempt of his to formulate a catechism especially noteworthy. Professor Gilbert is concerned, as he states in his preface, with the facts of the Christian religion rather than with inferences from the facts or with theories by which the facts have often been explained. The book consists of a series of questions followed by specific answers, with references to Scripture passages.

Bishop Spalding, of Peoria, the scholarly Roman Catholic prelate upon whom Columbia University recently conferred the degree of Doctor of Laws, has written a little book of "Aphorisms and Reflections" (Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.), the point of view being distinctly that of culture and religion. Bishop Spalding's qualities as an essayist have been well illustrated in earlier volumes, notably those relating to education. Men and women of all creeds will find in his "Aphorisms" much that is stimulating and satisfying to the higher moral and intellectual nature.

Dr. Josiah Strong's book on "The Next Great Awakening" (New York: Baker & Taylor Company) is chiefly devoted to an unfolding of the social teachings of Christianity, both those that have been applied by religious leaders and others that have been rejected. As in all of Dr. Strong's books, the facts of modern life rather than the deductions of theologians are considered.

In a two-volume work entitled "Christendom, Anno Domini MDCCCCI," the Rev. William D. Grant, Ph.D. (New York: Chauncey Holt), with the assistance of more than si contributors, has attempted a presen

tation of Christian conditions and activities in every country of the world at the beginning of the twentieth century. In the first volume there is a survey of various countries arranged in alphabetical order. The second volume is devoted to such general topics as "The Gains of Christianity in the Nineteenth Century," " Religious Thought in the Nineteenth Century," "The Social Aspect of Christianity,' ," "Art and Social and Religious Progress," "Critical Movements in the Nineteenth Century," "The Religious Press," and "Religious Leaders." Chapters on "Roman Catholic Christianity" and "Roman Catholic Missions" are contributed by the Rev. Father A. P. Doyle, and there is a paper on "Greek Christianity" by Prof. A. C. Zenos. Dr. Judson Smith writes on "Protestant Foreign Missions," Bishop John F. Hurst on "Church Union Movements," Dr. A. F. Shauffler on "The Sunday School," Dr. L. L. Doggett on the origin and progress of the Y. M. C. A., Dr. Kate W. Barrett on "Rescue Work," Mrs. Katharine L. Stevenson on the W. C. T. U., Mr. John R. Mott on student federation, Commander Booth Tucker on the Salvation Army, Mr. Robert A. Woods on social settlements, and Dr. Francis B. Clark on the Christian Endeavor Society.

In a volume entitled "Spiritual Heroes," the Rev. David S. Muzzey offers studies of the life and work of some of the world's great prophets. In the author's conception the main influences in the world's spiritual development were the Hebrew prophets, the Indian mystics, the Greek thinkers, the Roman organizers, the Christian apostles, the Moslem scientists, the mediæval preachers, and the modern reformers and philosophers. As representatives of these various groups the author has singled out the prophet Jeremiah, Buddha, Socrates, Jesus, St. Paul, Marcus Aurelius, Augustine, Mohammed, and Martin Luther, to each of whom a chapter in this book is devoted (Doubleday, Page & Co.).

Rev. Dr. Andrew W. Archibald, author of "The Bible Verified," has written a new volume which he entitles "The Trend of the Centuries." The book consists of a rapid survey of important epochs in human history, from the downfall of Judea to the culminating achievements of the nineteenth century. The author's main purpose has been to set forth the historical unfolding of the divine purpose. Dr. Archibald's terse and vivid descriptions of historical scenes add much to the "human interest" of his argument (Boston: The Pilgrim Press).

Prof. J. W. Moncrief, of the University of Chicago, has written "A Short History of the Christian Church for Students and General Readers" (Revell). This book meets the widespread demand for a popular history based upon scholarly research. The author makes many references to translation from the original sources, and encourages students to make the fullest use of these translations. For those readers, on the other hand, who have not time to consult larger works, this volume is sufficiently short, simple, and free from technicalities to answer every reasonable want.

A book which appeals more especially to the student is the volume by Prof. Arthur C. McGiffert on "The Apostles' Creed," being a lecture on the subject, with numerous critical notes designed to elucidate the origin, purpose, and historical interpretation of the creed (Scribners).

Under the auspices of the Central Committee on the United Study of Missions there has been published an outline study of India, entitled "Lux Christi,"

thusiasm of the author's ability and single-minded devotion to the highest educational ideals. The topics treated in the book are of the most practical nature, such as "The Health of School Children,” “ Fundamentals in Planning a School," "The School Plant," "The Scope of the School," "Courses of Study," "The Function of the Teacher,' "Municipal Difficulties and Organization," and "The Ethical Basis of the School." President Hall says of the book: "I can think of no single educational volume in the whole wide range of literature in this field that I believe so well calculated to do so much good at the present time, and which I could so heartily advise every teacher in the land, of whatever grade, to read and ponder."

To turn from the ideals to the realities of educational systems, an illuminating volume entitled "Life at West Point" has been written by Mr. H. Irving Hancock (Putnams), a war correspondent who has had a good opportunity to form an opinion as to the practical value of the West Point training, and who has made a careful study of the methods and aims of the Military Academy. Those among our younger readers who may have in view West Point appointments can do no better than to consult Mr. Hancock's book, and learn from it not only what studies will be pursued at the academy, but more, perhaps, about the actual daily life of the cadets than can be learned from any other single source. The author does not let pass the opportunity to make a serious estimate of the value of the discipline in the making of the American army officer, and to discuss the future of the West Point graduate in relation to our army system. The book is admirably illustrated.

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What the public schools are doing for the States of the old South is well brought out in a little volume entitled "The Rebuilding of Old Commonwealths," by Walter H. Page (Doubleday, Page & Co.). These three papers,-"The Forgotten Man," The School that Built a Town," and the Atlantic Monthly article which gives its title to the volume,-make very clear the failure of the old-time systems of Southern education to reach the masses of the present day, as well as the duty which all lovers of progress, North and South, owe to the leaders and builders of the new public-school system which, in some of the Southern States, is just beginning to do effective work.

A book which will prove of great assistance to teachers of history and civics is Prof. Henry E. Bourne's "The Teaching of History and Civics in the Elementary and Secondary School" (Longmans). The first part of this volume is devoted to an exposition of the subject prepared with a view to give to all teachers who have not had special historical training a better comprehension of the problems of historical instruction, while a second part offers a review of the general field of historical study, with many bibliographical and critical helps.

"Freshman English and Theme-Correcting in Harvard College," by C. T. Copeland and H. M. Rideout (Silver, Burdett & Co.), gives in small compass the clearest possible exposition of the Harvard system of instruction and training in composition, by means of exhibits of the actual work there of the students in the English courses. Specimen themes are given, with the marks of corrections and comments of the instructors, and the reader is enabled to see just how the famous Harvard methods in English composition are applied in the class-room.