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the lives of the party. The simple, business-like narrative of this work in Alaska gives to any one who has power to read between the lines an insight into the possibilities for showing heroism and endurance that are called for from our soldiers in time of peace. Such work is a new kind of "victory of peace" that calls for courage and daring, physical as well as moral. The commendation of his commander, "for courage, fortitude, tenacity, and ability in exploring the unknown regions of Alaska," is the brief military compliment which most civilians would have expanded into a eulogy.

Owing to Captain Allen's uncommon gifts as a linguist, and to his attainments in military science, he was made one of the instructors at the Military Academy in the year 1890. Afterward he was sent to St. Petersburg as military attaché in the years 1890 to 1895; and later he was given a similar position in Berlin, where the Spanish war found him.

A man who is spoken of as "having a special knowledge of diplomacy," who reads and speaks readily French, German, Russian, and Spanish," besides having some knowledge of Swedish," and some experience in banking, as well as

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in scientific exploration, is a man peculiarly well fitted for the important semi-diplomatic position of military attaché in an important foreign embassy.

His more strictly military record is scarcely less striking than his scientific. In the Cuban war he was commended for his "great gallantry and his conspicuous example and energetic measures" at an attempt of the Spaniards to surprise our troops near Santiago de Cuba. He was recommended for promotion on account of "distinguished gallantry" at El Caney.

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In the Philippines he was recommended for advancement for distinguished and meritorious services, military and civil," while in com. mand of the island of Samar, and similarly recommended, for like reasons, for his services while commanding the island of Leyte. In all these cases he was in command in arduous and dangerous expeditions against the enemy, showing everywhere energy, gallantry, and military skill.

One of his superior officers speaks of him as One of the best officers I know." Another says: "He is an officer of the highest qualifica tions, and a gentleman in the highest sense of the term."

From these brief military records it is seen how well fitted a man our governors of the Philippines found to put in charge of the most important work of commanding the Philippine constabulary.

He organized the force from the bottom up. Through gradual enlistments this has become a regular body of about five thousand men, scattered throughout the islands. Under its general supervision is placed to a considerable extent the local police, so that indirectly the chief of con

stabulary has under his oversight in the neighborhood of twenty thousand men. Under the same officer falls the distribution of supplies to the constabulary as well as to the insular and provincial officers of the islands. The constabulary administers in certain provinces the provincial jails, together with all telephone and postal lines, and practically, in certain quarters, the telegraph lines as well. The necessity of keeping track of all movements against the public peace compels the higher officers to follow the press of the archipelago, in order to keep in touch with the various movements of dangerous agitators, as well as to do the more direct work of watching well-known criminals. Attempts are made from time to time by some of the more ambitious of the criminal leaders to organize not merely a local band of brigands, but also a widespread outbreak, in order that their opportunities for plunder may be increased. These attempts, for the last year or two, have been practically all discovered by the constabulary and promptly suppressed by the arrest of one or two leaders long before they have reached the stage of any serious disturbance of the peace.

No one can appreciate the difficulties of our new work in the Philippine Islands, and the skill and boldness with which those difficulties are met and overcome, who does not look carefully into the working of this scheme of organizing and managing what is practically a loyal native army enlisted, to a considerable extent, from the ranks of the insurrectos themselves. So, too, nothing can make an American prouder of his country than to see that, serving modestly in inconspicuous places in our public service, we have men like Captain Allen.

THE ARCHBISHOPS WHO CROWNED THE KING

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AND QUEEN.

HE Primate of the English Church, the Most Reverend Frederick Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury, who was so prominent, and, in his touching physical weakness, so pathetic a figure at the recent Coronation of King Edward, has been a power in the religious life of the English Church for well-nigh half a century. He is the son of Major Octavius Temple, who, at the time of his birth, November, 1821, was resident in the Ionian Islands, then part of the British Empire. They were ceded to Greece in 1864. The future archbishop's education, however, was entirely English,-first at Tiverton, in

Devon; then at Balliol College, Oxford, which in those days, as now, was distinctively the resort of honor-men, among whom Frederick Temple won distinction, gaining a first class in classics and mathematics, and as a result of this, a fellowship, which he held from 1843 to 1848. The educational career then attracted him. He became principal of Kneller Hall, and, after eight years of growing distinction, was appointed inspector of training colleges in 1856, and headmaster of Rugby,- —a school that had attained world-wide renown under Dr. Arnold,-two years later. This office he held for eleven years with

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His colleague of York, the Most Reverend William Dalrymple Maclagan, is five years the junior of Archbishop Temple, and the son of an army physician. Of Scottish birth and training, a graduate with mathematical honors of Peterhouse College, Cambridge, he served for five years in the Indian army, from which he retired with the grade of lieutenant in 1852. It was not until four years later that he took his first clerical orders. In 1869 he was appointed rector of Newington, and vicar of Kensington, a part of

London in 1875. Three years later he was appointed Bishop of Litchfield, and in 1891 translated to the Archbishopric of York. He shared in the editorship of "The Church and the Age," two volumes which thirty years ago attracted much attention, and collected, in 1891, a volume of Pastoral Letters and Synodal Charges." It was his traditional prerogative to crown the Queen after the Archbishop of Canterbury had completed the more elaborate ritual that marks the consecration of the sovereign.

THE WORLD'S FICTION FOR A YEAR.

BY TALCOTT WILLIAMS.

FROM 8,000 to 10,000 novels yearly appear the world over. They are but a share of the earth's great stream of print, but they are the largest share. Japan contributes a round half thousand,-in 1895, 462. There are a couple of hundred in India,-letters in India still turning to verse in preference to prose, as in primitive Vedic days. The Arab world has its scattering scores; in Egypt, three to five yearly; in Syria, a few dozen. Strange works

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they are. Some Presbyterian friends of mine aided to equip a reading room for Arab immigrants, and were aghast at the new novels when a neat typewritten translation of a few pages was spread before them. It was odd-for a Presbyterian reading room. Not in Arabic. East is open-minded and open-speeched, and ever its fiction harks back to the plain-spoken men who sit in the curving ring of listeners in the market place, telling tales as old as Hammu Rabbi and as new as the Arabian Nights in the hands of a child. Japanese fiction is passing from the interminable Chinese romance to fiction modeled on the European novel. In northwest India, Moslem Lucknow, on the appointed day, fills the street where the monthly numbers of the last romance come fresh from the press. One which had a prodigious vogue a dozen years ago carried a modern hero through prodigies of valor in the Russo-Turkish war. For a decade past in India vernacular fiction, as in Arabic, is taking the place of the tale modeled on old classic examples. The world of the novel, like all worlds, is coming to be alike the world over.

Italy and Spain, between them, issue from 500 to 600 novels in a year, the larger country the larger half. France, the world's school

master in fiction, prints 600 volumes a year. Scandinavian Europe as many more, centering for publication at Copenhagen. Russia supplies, on an average, year by year, from 800 to 1,000. Its vast millions are unlettered, but the appetite of its small educated classes, social conditions, and the absence of libraries and newspapers, stimulate reading. When the copyrights on Pushkin's poems expired, the first twelve months saw 183 editions and a circulation of 2,000,000 copies. What English poet is likely to have this compliment? Each lesser tongue in Europe has its hundred or two of novels, but the editions are small. A sale of 8,000 to 10,000 copies is the limit of success for a new Hungarian novel.

THE TEUTONIC RACE GIVES THE FLOOD OF FICTION.

The great flood of novels comes, after all, from the two great branches of the reading Teuton race, from the 70,000,000 who speak German and the 120,000,000 who speak English. Together, these tongues yearly issue nigh 4,000 titles in fiction, juvenile and novels together,half the world's stories. In 1901, there were issued in this country 914 novels and 434 juveniles. England had of both classes 1,513. Germany published, in 1901, 3,406 issues in belleslettres, novels, drama, and verse. In 1898, out of 3,061 such works, an analysis showed that 1,856 were novels and juveniles. In 1901, there were about 2,000. Duplications reduce the new fiction of Great Britain and America to some 2,000 separate titles, about one-third written in this country and about two-thirds in England. German fiction, it must be remembered, includes all greater Germany,-Austria as well as the more northern empire; the German of Switzerland as well as of Russia and that outlying fringe in other

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lands, where, as in Belgium or Holland, there has begun a German renaissance on the border. The fiction of the English tongue runs by strange streams, and the sheets on which its most original living genius first appeared in print were damped down by the Ganges.

No full list of the issues of English fiction in a year is ever known. No fiction compares with it in circulation or in audience. France once led all Europe in the circulation of its novels. It is barely thirty years since James Parton, in discussing literary earnings, pointed out that French men of letters alone gained a comfortable competence, because they alone wrote for all Europe. This has ceased. The growth of national spirit since 1848 has rendered literary consumption regional. A single French novel. in a year may reach 100,000, as may this year M. Willy's "Claudine en Ménage ;" but in the English-speaking world "Audrey" began last February with 100,000 copies. Miss Corelli's "Temporal Power" has just opened its sales with an edition of 125,000. At least four novels, Mr. Wister's "Virginian," Miss Rives' Hearts Courageous," Mr. Hough's "Missis sippi Bubble," and Mr. Major's "Dorothy Vernon," all American, -exceed any French or German novel of the year. Even in the circulation of Sir Richard Calmady," estimated at 30,000, Lucas Malet" (Mrs. Mary K. Harrison), probably exceeds the demand for M. Bazin's "Les Oberlé," the second French success of the year. In Belgium a run of four editions excites remark, and M. Maeterlinck has not improbably had a far larger circulation in translation in English than in his own country in the original.

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Short of school books, no editions in any land equal those of fiction, and their titles average a fifth of those published of substantial books. Only those who check the various returns which appear from time to time of the books" published in various countries are aware how illusory these are and how misleading in comparison. Nothing awakes confidence like an erroneous statement carried out to units, or, still better, worked out in a percentage to the fourth decimal. In countries like Japan and Germany, where a record is made of all issues not periodical, though of only four pages, the yearly number of publications of all orders will rise to 25,331 in Germany in 1901, and 26,965 in Japan in 1895. German university theses alone,-most under 100 pages,-give 5,000 to 6,000 titles in this list yearly. If only new "books" of a substantial size, excluding directories, almanacs, annuals, and mere routine

lists, like college catalogues, be included in the tale, as is the habit here and in England, the number of books" issued in 1901 will be,United States, 5,496; Great Britain, 4,955. On this basis there are from 45,000 to 55,000 new volumes issued yearly from the presses of the world. Germany has of these 9,000; England and the United States as many more, deducting duplicates separately noted in each; France and Russia 6,000 each; Italy and the Norse lands, 3,000, and the rest of the world's lands run at about 2,000 each.. India, a continent in itself, has about 7,000 a year, though no one presidency and no one tongue has over a third of this number. The world's publications would in a decade fill the largest library in this country, and in twenty exhaust the shelf-room of any library abroad. The flood grows, but at a varying speed. In seventy years ours has deepened twentyfold, doubling every twenty years. In 1833, there were 274 works by Americans and 206 by foreigners published in this country, old and new. The number, old and new, American and foreign, in 1901, was 8,141; but the proportion was altered slightly,-4,701 were by American authors, new and reprints, and 3,440 by foreign writers, old and new, English and European.

National initiative has, after all, made but slow progress. A little over half of our book consumption came from abroad two generations ago. A little less than half now. Germany, like the United States, has doubled its book output in two decades; in Japan it has grown some fivefold; but the total has remained substantially unchanged in England and France. Here, as in so much else, these two lands have reached the top of their progress curve, and maintain a fixed norm. The average yearly output of letters and of books has not changed 10 per cent. in either in twenty years. Russia, like the United States, has doubled. So has India. Italy has grown a third. This record of the annual issue of books is a singularly accurate and penetrating measure of the relative movement of lands in the world current of national evolution and devolution.

TRANSLATED FICTION RARELY SELLS.

Novels are the largest single group in this great flood of volumes. They are the only interchange. able form of the higher letters. No good poems translate. Some translations are better than others, but no man born to a tongue ever saw its better verse in translation without a qualm. Even plays call for "adaptation." Novels translate. Yet the fewest novels have had a notable circulation outside of the tongue of origin. From 50 to 100 novels are yearly published in translation here and in England. Out of 500 or

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