science, that the self-reliance of the community is destroyed; its belief in itself, its backbone, as it were, breaks; consequently, these very instincts will be most branded and defamed. The lofty independent spirituality, the will to stand alone, and even the cogent reason, are felt to be dangerous; everything that elevates the individual above the herd, and is a source of fear to the neighbor, is henceforth called evil; the tolerant, unassuming, self-adapting, self-equalizing disposition, the mediocrity of desires, attains to moral distinction and honour."'18 In order to stop the degenerating tendencies of man we must fix our hopes in a new philosophy. There is no other alternative. There must be minds strong and original enough to initiate opposites of value, to transvalue and invent eternal valuations, in forerunners, in men of the future, who in the present shall fix the constraints and fasten the knots which will compel milleniums to take new paths. Such minds, "In their passion for knowledge, will have to go further in daring and painful attempts than the sensitive and pampered taste of a democratic century can approve? There is no doubt; these coming ones will be least able to dispense with the serious and not unscrupulous qualities which distinguish the critic from the sceptic: I mean the certainty as to standards of worth, the conscious employment of a unity of method, the wary courage, the standing alone, and the capacity for self-responsibility; indeed, they will avow among themselves a delight in denial and dissection, and a certain considerate cruelty, which knows how to handle the knife surely and deftly, even when the heart bleeds." ✓ Such men will be the real philosophers, the commanders, the lawgivers. They will say: thus shall it be, and thus it shall be. They will determine the "whither" and the "why" of mankind, and thereby set aside the previous labor of all philosophical workers; and all subjugators of the past-they 18 Beyond Good and Evil, pp. 124-125. 19 Beyond Good and Evil, pp. 149-150. 9919 will grasp the future with a creative hand and whatever it is and was, becomes for them thereby a means, an instrument, and a hammer. Their knowledge of knowing is a creating, their creating is a law-giving, their will to truth is-Will to Power. To think and to take a matter seriously and arduously is one and the same thing to such a man. But coarse feet must never tread upon such carpets. The doors remain closed to intruders, though they may rush and break their heads thereon. It takes many generations to prepare for the coming of a philosopher, each of his virtues must have been separately acquired, matured, transmitted, and embodied; "not only the bold, easy, delicate course and current of his thoughts, but above all the readiness for great responsibilities, the majesty of ruling glance and contemning look, the feeling of separation from the multitude with their duties and virtues, the kindly patronage and defence of whatever is misunderstood and calumniated, be it God or devil, the delight and practice of supreme justice, the art of commanding, the amplitude of will, the lingering eye which rarely admires, rarely looks up, rarely loves."20 It is only to such that Zarathustra is able to express himself concerning ultimate problems. It is them alone that he inspires with activity on behalf of this better theory. Such men or rather minds are strong, healthy, hard, and above all noble enough for him to give them the hammer with which to remold the whole world. They are, more, they are higher, they are of a different origin to the common man. Such a man is one "who constantly experiences, sees, hears, suspects, hopes, and dreams extraordinary things; who is struck by his own thoughts as if they came from the outside, from above and below, as a species of events and lightning flashes peculiar to him; who is perhaps himself a storm pregnant with new lightnings; a portentous man, around whom there is always rumbling and mumbling and gaping and something uncanny going on. A philosopher: alas, a being who 20 Beyond Good and Evil, pp. 156-157. often is afraid of himself-but whose curiosity always makes him come to himself."21 This new philosopher, the establisher of new standards for the superior man, is the foundation upon which all of Nietzsche's philosophy is built. He holds that man's evolution comes about through mental development, spiritual development, and the cultivation of the will to Power. To do this, man must climb over the prostrate forms of his weaker brothers. The Superman, the man of unusual ability, cannot afford to be a slave to pity, sentimental feelings of sympathy, charity or any other standards of value set by the masses. All of these he must sternly repress in the interest of the larger ideal. He must let the superfluous go the way of the weak and let swift death overtake them. He must reach out and take hold of the future-write new values on new tables of stone. Nietzsche had a mental breakdown before he worked out his system of education by which the Superman was to make a Super-race. We are looking for this solution to be achieved through the Nordic I. Q. advocates. However, we are going to expect a more sympathetic approach than was intimated by Nietzsche, the master of our Nordic friends. 21 Beyond Good and Evil, pp. 258-259. High School Commercial Graduates as Students in Collegiate Schools of Commerce R. G. WALTERS, HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, GROVE CITY, PA. mamion&N a recent article in EDUCATION, I endeavored to point out some possible causes for graduates of high school commercial departments falling short of the requirements for entrance to collegiate schools of commerce and business administration. Of equal interest to both high school principals and college instructors are the records of those graduates of secondary commercial courses who succeed in matriculating at college. It is commonly accepted that the best preparation for the Arts Course in college is the classical course in high school; that the best preparation for the Science Course in college is the scientific course in high school. It would seem logical, therefore, to suppose that the proper preparation for the work of the collegiate school of commerce is the training received in the high school commercial course, and it was with the purpose of arriving at some conclusion in the matter that the present study was made. The grades of 145 students, the total number enrolled in the Department of Commerce at Grove City, were carefully analyzed, and an examination was made of entrance credentials. Of these 145 students, it was discovered that 45 were graduates of high school commercial courses. 26 were graduates of high school scientific courses. 16 were graduates of high school classical courses. 1 was a graduate of a high school agricultural course. 57 were graduates of general or academic courses. All four classes in college were, of course, represented in the group studied, but in order to simplify the investigation as much as possible, the average grade of each student was considered, regardless of whether he was a Senior, Junior, Sophomore, or Freshman. The first startling result was obtained when it was found that the grades of High school classical graduates averaged 87.4% 85.4% High school scientific graduates averaged 84.1% High school agricultural graduates averaged 80.8% High school general graduates averaged 78.1% The foregoing would seem to indicate that any specialized courses, even though they be so widely divergent as are the classical and commercial, prepare a student more fully for work in the collegiate school of commerce than does the general course. There is too marked a difference between the grades of the specialized students and the grades of the general students for them to be passed over without their receiving a more thorough consideration. I believe the difference may be explained in two ways. Those who elect a specialized course are apt to be possessed of decisive judgment which displays itself in the grades of the students after they enter college. Moreover, the young person who successfully pursues a specialized course for four years has acquired an ability to concentrate, and to think along particular lines, which will prove of inestimable value in any line of endeavor which he may afterwards follow. Nevertheless, it must be remembered that, because of a shortage in entrance credits, a large number of those commercial graduates who would naturally tend to lower the general average have already been eliminated. It was felt that a study of general averages alone was not sufficient to tell the whole story, and hence a comparison was made of the best and poorest grades of each group, omitting from consideration the solitary agricultural graduate. The records disclosed the following: |