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then did, necessarily, however, keeping aloof from all public demonstration; for their residence, more than suspected, as they were, of having borne arms against their country, was of sufferance rather than permission, overlooked, not sanctioned, by the then consular government. The elder, Patrick, with whom we were intimately acquainted, possessed the most attractive of characters, with high accomplishments; but an unfortunate duel in which the fellow-officer, to whom he had been second in Limerick in 1796, as we heard, (for we were then in France,) had fallen, cast a deep gloom on his sensitive mind, and long dispirited his native serenity.

On the emigration of his brothers in 1792, the Marshal, Thomas Robert Bugeaud, born the 15th of October, 1784, was a child, and could not follow their example; but in 1804, he entered as a volunteer in the imperial foot-guards of Napoleon, who was then preparing his threatened invasion of England from Boulogne. Like all other recruits, whatever were their birth and station, he began by carrying the knapsack and musket. Such, too, was the first step in military service of all the late King Louis Philippe's sons, and is consequently not to be misconstrued into evidence of humble birth, as, in reference to Bugeaud, our representative, Mr. Burke Roche was led to think, when he adduced in 1843, the marshal's elevation as a striking instance of the superior military system of France, where personal merit, wholly independent of birth or connexions, was the sole criterion of choice, or source of advancement.* Still, birth and

• In 1780, after the victory of Rodney over Don Juan de Langara, this admiral on learning that the English Sovereign's son (afterwards William

education could not be without corresponding influence, and Bugeaud's military progress was certainly not slow. However, he dropped the aristocratic name of La Piconnerie, and adopted the original patronymic of his family, which, like Horace Walpole, who never assumed the title that devolved to him of Orford, he has constantly retained, without even the nobiliary particle De prefixed to it. So far he differed from his brothers, who, on revisiting their home, resumed their titular distinctions, as did most others, after a short concession to a transient necessity, when Mirabeau was exchanged for the primitive surname of Riquetti, Montmorenci for Bouchard, La Fayette for Motier, Richelieu for Vignerot, Villeroy, for Neufville, and majesty itself had sunk into Capet. Dangerous then, or rather fatal, we can assert, and have before observed, would it have been to give fallen royalty the monarchical name.

Made a corporal at Austrelitz, he served successively in Prussia, Poland, Spain, &c., and in 1814, was a Colonel, but he was not at Waterloo, nor did he pursue his military career during the restoration, that is from 1815 to 1830. This interval he passed in his native department occupied in agricultural cultivation, combining practice and study, much, we have understood, to the benefit alike of his own fortune, and future instruction of the Algerian colonists.-Some of his publications on the topic have been favourably

IV.,) was then only a midshipman, quite undistinguished in labor and service from other youths, begged permission to deliver his sword to the Royal aspirant, remarking that it was no wonder the English should be Lords of the Ocean, when such an example was offered them of every sacrifice for the national honour.

adverted to. In 1831, he was elected a deputy for Périgueux, the capital of the department, and, resuming his martial course, was named "marechal de camp,' or Major-General; but it was not till 1836, that he appeared in Africa, where his success procured him the rank of Lieutenant-General, equivalent to that, in our service, of full general, leading to the highest, that of Marshal. His stay there, however, was not long, but he returned the following year, when he negotiated a truce with Abdel-Kader, the African Arminius. In 1840, at length, he was named Governor General of Algeria, and in his subsequent campaigns completed its conquest.

The President of the French Assembly, we have seen, proclaimed him to a loudly assenting audience, both a great citizen and a great captain, which assuredly he was, for he achieved whatever he had in command or contemplation, after the repeated failures of his predecessors. If his exploits cannot bear a fair comparison to the immortal campaigns of Napoleon, it was because the same fields of action, were not open to him-" Crescit cum amplitudine rerum vis ingenii," observes a great writer; and had Wellington, we may ask, been confined in his triumphant career to its first theatre, would the same refulgent glory now attend his name? Yet as the Marshal remarks himself, in his excellent treatise-" Des moyens de conserver et d'utiliser la conquête de l'Algérie, printed in 1842. "The Arabs are a bold and warlike race; war is their normal state, and from their infancy they fondly exercise themselves on horseback and in arms." The first of generals, as he is almost on all hands acknowledged, Hannibal, was a native of

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Algeria, and Marius, seconded by Sylla, found not the final overthrow of Jugurtha an easy achievement; nor were the subsequent campaigns of Belisarius and Narses without a well contested resistance, not less evinced on more modern occasions, down to our own days. Climate, no doubt, has a powerful influence, moral and physical; yet even the enervating fields of Asia have not been unproductive of well acquired fame, as the enduring renown of the Great Albuquerque, Clive, the writer's father's friend and relative, Sir Eyre Coote, Sir Charles Napier, and finally, Lord Gough, sufficiently attest, without recurring to three great conquering monarchies sprung from her soil, Assyria, Media, and Persia. The Mahrattas, under Hyder Ali, and his son Tippoo Sahib, and the Sikes in our own days, having recalled the memory of their brave ancestors under Porus, who shewed themselves entitled even to Alexander's praise, were surely no unworthy antagonists. Can we believe that Clive would not have been as triumphant in Europe over the French, as he was in Hindostan? At that time France was deeply sunk in effeminacy and inaction; nor, indeed, had a single commander of marked talents arisen there from the peace of Utrecht to the revolutionary wars, an extent of eighty years, except three foreigners-Berwick, Saxe, and LoewendalBerwick was the natural son of James II.; and when a French Envoy, during the seven years' war, boasted of the resources of France, the Great Frederick observed in retort, what do they avail, when you no longer have Saxe and Loewendal to direct your armies? "Were I sovereign of your realm,” added that great but most unscrupulous of monarchs, "not a

cannon should be fired in Europe unless with my permission."

Without dwelling further on what will be more appropriately the subject of history, we cannot pass unnoticed an event of the Marshal's life which, in its effects, made a painful and lasting impression on his mind. Chosen in 1833, for the delicate mission of conveying the Duchess of Berry out of France, from the citadel of Blaye, where she was confined in the double sense of the word, after her wild expedition in Brittany, he satisfactorily accomplished the imposed duty. Shortly after, however, some reflections of an offensive character, uttered by, or attributed to M. Dulong, a deputy, and embroiled rather than explained by intervening friends, caused a duel fatal to Dulong, and productive of enduring hatred of Bugeaud, on the part of the liberals, who, according to custom, strewed the tomb of their associate, "the victim of the fear of being thought afraid," not only with flowers of nature but of rhetoric. Among other orators was the editor of the even then republican journal, the National, Armand Carrel, a paragraph of whose discourse became singularly applicable to his own fate, only two years after, when he fell by the hand of Emile de Girardin, then the leading writer of the ministerial Journal des Debats. "It is," said Carrel, "a desolating ground of reflection, to see a young and most promising person, cut off from the number of the living, by yielding to a barbarous point of honor, and encountering its sanguinary result." But Carrel had not the moral courage to resist what he then stigmatised as senseless in its object, and destructive of human life in its consequences." Arma

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