"

much to the industrial prosperity of the Province.*

Substantial and convenient houses were soon built, among these Robert Turner's great and famous house," so often spoken of, and the Proprietary's house in Letitia Court, for which, as well as for the construction of his "Pennsbury Palace," the finer part of the framework was sent over from England. The ancient doorway of the latter house bore the cheerful and inviting ornament of a vine and cluster of grapes.

The first Edward Shippen is said to have "surpassed his contemporaries in the style and grandeur of his edifice and appurtenances for crossing the water," which latter phrase, we conclude, refers to boats used for business or pleasure, as Mr. Shippen's grounds extended to Dock Creek. This

* German linen, camlets, and serges were made in Germantown as early as 1696, and Judge Samuel W. Pennypacker says that to the Germans is due the honor of establishing the first paper-mill in America, in 1690, and of printing the Bible in their own tongue nearly forty years before it was printed in English.

house on South Second Street, afterwards called the Governor's House, had an orchard and fine garden around it, which, says the admiring chronicler, "equalizes any I have ever seen, having a very famous and pleasant summer-house erected in the middle of his garden, abounding with tulips, pinks, carnations, roses and lilies, not to mention those that grew wild in the fields, and also a fine lawn upon which reposed his herd of tranquil deer."

If the Friend modestly, or with an affectation of modesty, called his coach "a con`venience," it was none the less a coach. The Proprietary early drove his coach in Philadelphia, and from thence to Penns-. bury, and Isaac Norris, the son of an English merchant who had settled in Jamaica, sent to England for a coach, and, although a strict Quaker, did not scruple to have the three falcons' heads of the family shield emblazoned upon its side. The Norrises also had their portraits painted while in London, which was a custom objected to later by Quakers as savoring of the world. In her picture by Kneller, Mrs.

Isaac Norris appears as one of the most beautiful women of her time, nor is her costume strictly Friendly, the prevailing colors being red and green, the lovely hair rolled back from the forehead and worn without a cap.

There was no persecution for religion in Pennsylvania; but there was less friendliness between the Quakers and the Church people, as the latter came to have more authority and influence in the government. Such spicy expletives as the " Hot Church Party," and "Colonel Quarry's Packed Vestry," we find in the mouths of good Friends of the day, while William Penn, in a letter to James Logan, says that Governor Gookin has presented Parson Evans* with "two as gaudy and costly Common Prayer Books as the Queen has in her chapel, and intends as fine a Communion table, both of which charm the baby in the Bishop of London, as well as Parson Evans."

*This was the Rev. Evan Evans, rector of Christ Church parish in 1719.

Something like uniformity of thought and purpose prevailed in Colonial New England, with the exception of Rhode Island, which, like the Provinces of Pennsylvania and Maryland, early became a refuge for the disaffected from the neighboring settlements, naturally inducing a more restless religious life and a larger religious toleration. Mr. Lodge attributes the strong and sustained individuality of the New England people not simply to their Puritanism, but also to the fact that they were of English strain, with only slight admixture from other nationalities. "Race, language, religious belief, manners, customs, and habits of mind and thought were," he says, "the same from the forests of Maine to the shores of Long Island Sound. . . . They were all pure Englishmen, the purest part of the race perhaps, for during a century and a half [in 1765] they had lived in a New World, and received no fresh infusion of blood from any race but their own."

The Quaker who came to Pennsylvania was quite as single-minded as the Puritan

of New England, and as sincere and earnest in following the guidance of that “inner light" which stood with him for duty, conscience, all that belongs to the moral and spiritual development of man, as was his New England brother in carrying out the rules and ordinances of the religious body to which he belonged. While the New England Colonies were developing along their own lines, with scant charity for those whose ideas ran in other channels, Pennsylvania, from her position and charter, became the home not only of the English and the Welsh Quaker, who came to it as to his birthright of freedom, religious and civil, but of the English Churchman, with his more conservative notions; of the Scotch-Irish Presbyterian, as firmly established in his spiritual convictions as the Puritan, although less favorably placed by Providence for the direction of his neighbor's conscience; of the Roman Catholic; of the German and Swedish Lutheran ; and of many less distinct subdivisions of Protestantism. Fourteen years after the settlement of Pennsylvania, Gabriel Thomas