Thomas Hughes, too, is gone, - Tom Hughes would still seem the more accustomed name, one of the many men who illustrate the somewhat painful truth that the heights of philanthropy and self-devotion do not yield so sure a fame as a spark of genius.

40. Parentheses. XXXI. Marks of parenthesis are used to inclose expressions that do not form an essential part of the sentence.

Know then this truth (enough for man to know),
"Virtue alone is happiness below."

Study the gerund construction (see p. 15).

41. Brackets. XXXII. Brackets inclose insertions whose connection with the text is slight. They are seldom required except in quoted matter, where, to make the author's meaning clear, it is sometimes necessary to insert explanatory words in brackets.

It [a great university] is resorted to in most countries, notably in our own country, alike by rich and poor, by the children of the educated and the uneducated — in short, by the children of families of all sorts and conditions.

EXERCISES

116. Write a theme on any subject you please. See whether the dash is of service to you in any of your sentences.

117. Exchange papers and consider whether the dash has been used correctly, or might be used to advantage.

42. The Apostrophe. XXXIII. The apostrophe marks the omission of a letter or letters: as, 'tis, I'm, don't, man's. (For the possessive case see sect. 73.)

XXXIV. The apostrophe marks the omission of figures in

dates.

The boys of '61.
The class of '09.

XXXV. The apostrophe sometimes marks the plural of figures and letters.

Cross your t's and dot your i's.

His 7's look like his 9's.

43. Quotation Marks. Quotation marks are of two kinds double (" ") and single (' ').

XXXVI. Double quotation marks inclose the exact words of a speaker or writer.

We heard him say, "All is well."

XXXVII. Single quotation marks inclose a quotation within a quotation.

This was his answer: "I agree with Falstaff that 'the better part of valor is discretion.'

999

"Being asked by a young nobleman what was become of the gallantry and military spirit of the old English nobility, he [Samuel Johnson] replied, 'Why, my Lord, I'll tell you what has become of it: it is gone into the city to look for a fortune."

"One of the first aims of college life is increase of power: be he scholar or athlete, the sound undergraduate learns to meet difficulties; 'stumbling blocks,' in the words of an admirable preacher, 'become stepping stones.'

When paragraphs are quoted, the quotation marks are placed at the beginning of each paragraph and at the end of the last paragraph.

XXXVIII. The title of a book or paper may be quoted or italicized, as the writer prefers. Some prefer "The House of the Seven Gables"; others, The House of the Seven Gables.

XXXIX. Quotation marks are sometimes used to call attention to special words.

The word "ain't" is never heard in good conversation.

EXERCISES

118. Copy from dictation the three sentences quoted above under XXXVII. Explain the brackets in the second sentence.

119. Write (1) a portion of a real or an imagined conversation at breakfast or dinner, or (2) a short conversation between two girls about a skating party, or (3) a short conversation between two boys about a game of football. Begin a new paragraph whenever the speaker changes.

120. Write your opinion of some book or of a portion of it, introducing an interesting quotation from it.

121. Exchange papers, examine as in Exercise 115, and consider in addition the use of quotation marks.

44. The Hyphen. The hyphen (-) is used to divide a word at the end of a line. It separates syllables. A word of one syllable is never split. We may write com-mittee or commit-tee, but not comm-ittee or committ-ee. The hyphen comes at the end of the line, never at the beginning of a line.

The hyphen separates those parts of compound words (a) which have not yet become single words: as, greatgrandfather, twenty-five; (b) in which it is convenient to keep the prefix distinct from the rest of the word; as, re-creation, pre-Shakespearean.

45. Asterisks and Leaders.

(...) indicate omissions.

1. She . . . began a song.

Asterisks (***) or leaders

. . The hand failed on the strings,

the tune halted, checked, and at a low note turned off to the poor little nursery rhyme about the wicked crow

"And the wild plums grow in the jungle, only a penny a pound, Only a penny a pound, baba only . . ."

2. Then came the tears. . . till she slept.

NOTE. Leaders are used for omissions in the middle or at the end of a paragraph. Asterisks are convenient for separating complete paragraphs. See page 47.

EXERCISES

122. Write sentences illustrating two uses of each of the punctuation marks.

123. Bring to the classroom several of your old themes. Exchange papers, and examine to see if punctuation marks have been inserted correctly.

124. Take from your own writing or from your reading as many illustrations of the uses of the comma as you can find before the next recitation.

125. Tell briefly but clearly what you need to keep in mind about each of the marks of punctuation. What are the faults to which your examiner has called particular attention?

126. Copy and punctuate the following passages:

1. Cultivate decision of character in everything the ability to say yes or to say no and to do it on the spot the man who takes too much time in deciding things fearing that he may decide wrong will get ahead slowly if at all.

2. What you been shootin Corlick asked his wife as she placed the roast pork and potatoes on the table

Oh nothin of any account he replied with affected indifference only Laban Wing's bull

Why Corlick Evans she cried

3. So if a man's wit be wandering let him study the mathematics for in demonstrations if his wit be called away never so little he must begin again.

4. I asked him what he thought would become of them there and if they had formed no design of making any escape he said they had many consultations about it but that having neither vessel nor tools to build one nor provisions of any kind their councils always ended in tears and despair I asked him how he thought they would receive a proposal from me which might tend towards an escape and whether if they were all here it might not be done.

5. [Six paragraphs.] In despair I went to a great merchant on the island and asked him to employ me my dear young friend said he I

understand that you have some singular secret some charm or spell or amulet or something I don't know what of which people are afraid now you know my dear said the merchant swelling up and apparently prouder of his great stomach than of his large fortune I am not of that kind I am not easily frightened you may spare yourself the pain of trying to impose upon me people who propose to come to time before I arrive are accustomed to arise very early in the morning said he thrusting his thumbs in the armholes of his waistcoat and spreading the fingers like two fans upon his bosom I think I have heard something of your secret you have a pair of spectacles I believe that you value very. much because your grandmother brought them as a marriage portion to your grandfather now if you think fit to sell me those spectacles I will pay you the largest market price for them what do you say I told him I had not the slightest idea of selling my spectacles my young friend means to eat them I suppose said he with a contemptuous smile I made no reply but was turning to leave the office when the merchant called after me my young friend poor people should never suffer themselves to get into pets anger is an expensive luxury in which only men of a certain income can indulge a pair of spectacles and a hot temper are not the most promising capital for success in life Master Titbottom.

6. Two minutes had scarcely elapsed when the whole forest before me was in fearful motion here and there where one tree pressed against another a creaking noise was produced similar to that occasioned by the violent gusts that sometimes sweep over the country turning instinctively toward the direction from which the wind blew I saw to my great astonishment that the noblest trees of the forest bent their lofty heads for a while and unable to stand against the blast were falling to pieces first the branches were broken off with a crackling noise then went the upper part of the massy trunks and in many places whole trees of gigantic size were falling entire to the ground so rapid was the progress of the storm that before I could think of taking measures to insure my safety the hurricane was passing opposite the place where I stood never can I forget the scene which at that moment presented itself the tops of the trees were seen moving in the strangest manner in the central current of the tempest which carried along with