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Abtheilung 2, Capitel 3, "Die Logik der Geschichtswissenschaften."

CHAPTER XXII. THE CONSTRUCTIVE PROCESS.

The natural environment as a factor in human history is accepted with various degrees of emphasis by the writers here selected. ELLEN C. SEMPLE, Influences of Geographic Environment, on the basis of Ratzel's System of AnthropoGeography, 1911. Valuable both as a medium of German science and for the writer's own interpretations. Application of these principles to this continent is to be found in an earlier work by this author; E. C. SEMPLE, American History and its Geographic Conditions, 1903. An excellent brief treatment of the general subject is the work of H. B. GEORGE, The Relations of Geography and History, 1901. See also, N. S. SHALER, Nature and Man in America.

For early conceptions see JEAN BODIN, Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem, 1566, with comments of R. FLINT, Philosophy of History in France, p. 193; J. STRADA, La Loi de l'Histoire; constitution scientifique de l'histoire, 1894. P. LACOMBE, De l'Histoire considérée comme science, 1894. Reviewed from opposing point of view by R. WORMS, L'Organisation Scientifique de l'Histoire, Revue Internationale de Sociologie, 1894.

History from the economic point of view is exemplified in J. E. T. ROGERS, History of Agriculture and Prices in England, 1259-1793, 6 vols., 1866-87. From this the author drew forth his Six Centuries of Work and Wages, 2 vols., 1884-90, and later described his methods in The Economic Interpretation of History. S. N. PATTEN, The Development of English Thought, a study on the economic interpretation of history, 1899. Numerous theories which are not generally accepted. The effect of natural environment upon particular peoples is to be seen in the opening chapters of CURTIUS, History of Greece; L. DRAPEYRON, Traduction Topographique de l'Histoire; Jeanne d'Arc: application de la géographie à l'étude de l'histoire, both articles in Revue de Géographie, 1891. CH. GARNIER and A. AMMAN, L'Habitation Humaine dans ses rapports avec la géographie physique, l'état politique et les usages locaux, 1892. Contributes also to the study of architecture as a psychological problem as in the chapter on Relics, above.

CHAPTER XXIII. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS IN HISTORY.

The inquirer must thread his way among writers upon philosophy, psychology, sociology, and social psychology. The latter branch of learning is still in the early stages of its evolution. The topics mentioned in this chapter are treated in the books which follow: G. TARDE, The Laws of Imitation, Translated from 2nd French Edition (Holt), 1903. J. M. BALDWIN, Social and Ethical Interpretations in Mental Development, 1897. E. A. Ross, Social Psychology, 1908. L. F. WARD, The Psychic Factors of Civilization, 2nd ed., 1906. G. LEBON, Psychologie des Foules, 12th ed., 1907. F. H. GIDDINGS, Principles of Sociology, 1899. F. H. GIDDINGS, Democracy and Empire, 1900.

CHAPTERS XXIV-XXV. PRESENTATION AND LITERARY STYLE.

It is not necessary to refer here to the standard works on English literary composition. The style of the various historians is usually discussed also by their more weighty reviewers and essayists. M. CREIGHTON, Picturesqueness in History, Cornhill Magazine, 1897, pp. 305-20. W. STERLING-MAXWELL, Historical Style, in his Miscellaneous Essays and Addresses. H. TAINE, Essais de Critique et de l'Histoire. F. BRUNETIÈRE, Histoire et Littérature, 3 vols., 1892–98. ST. BEUVE, Causeries de Lundi. (Consult Index Volume.)

Suggestive also is G. FREYTAG, Technic of the Drama, Trans. E. J. MacEwan, 1895; A. HENNEQUIN, The Art of Playwriting, 1890. E. HENNEQUIN, La Critique Scientifique, 1888. Contains an analysis of Victor Hugo which is a valuable model of inquiry for a literary investigation.

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Advertisements, 224
St. Albans, 124

St. Albans chroniclers, 105
Alfred, king, journey to Rome,

112; not a law creator, 285
Allusions, use of, 260
Alphabet, derivation of, 45;
Roman, 49

Ambrose of Evreux, 106
Analogy, the use of, 257
Anglo-Saxon Calendar, 155
Anglo-Saxon illustrators, 158
Anonymous documents, 98
Architecture interpreted, 244;

public buildings, 245;
grandeur, 245; Gothic, 245
Arenga, 62

Argumentum ex silentio, 254
Arnold of Brescia, 180
Art, as historical evidence,
155-167; in coins, 242; as a
social heritage, 284; is his-
tory an art? 304
Asser, 112, 113, 115
Association of relics, 232

Assur-nasir-pal,
Assyria, 15

king of

Atherton, Gertrude, 317
Austria, a center of research,
12

Author, position in life, 123
Authors, intellectual qualifica-
tions of, 126; flattery by,

130
Authorship, determination of,
103-110

Autobiographic form of fic-
tion, 321

Axioms in historical evidence,
251

Babylonian relics, 15

Bacon, Francis, definition of
history, 10

Bancroft, George, style of, 310
Basel, Tax-Ordnung, 1646,
184

Bayeux Tapestry, 156
Biography, dangers in writing,
130, 296

Black Death, effect, 175
Bodin, Jean, on influence of
climate, 265

Boston Gazette and Country
Journal, 1770, 217, 223
Boundaries, natural, 271
Brevity, 314

British Guiana, boundary

case, 165

Bryce, J., on analogies, 258

Buckle, T., theory of history,

9; theory of tradition, 145;
style, 308

Bull, origin of term, 86
Bunyan, John, advertisement
of book, 224

Burns, Robert, forged letters
of, 34 note
Business papers, 207

Cahiers de doléances, 181
Calendar, see Chronology
Carolingian script, 50
Carta, 58

Cartography, see Maps
Causation in history, 263
Cave-dwellers, 236
Censorship of press, 216
Chanceries, mediæval, 56
Character of author, 131
Charlemagne, reforms writing,
51; chancery of, 56; his
Latin abbreviations, 52;
uses Julian calendar, 77
Charles I, not author of
Eikon, 107
Chirographum, 85
Chrismon, 60

Christian era, adoption of, 72
Chronology, 70–83; medieval,

71; Christian era, 72; indic-
tion, 72; regnal year, 74;
beginning of year, 74; year
in England, 75; months, 77;
holy days, 77; dating by
introitus, 78; hours, 79;
canonical hours, 80; Gre-
gorian calendar, 81; French
Revolutionary calendar, 82
Church and state, moral effect
of conflict, 137

Churchwardens' accounts, 196
Cicero, date of De Legibus, 101
Circuit of lands, 211
Cities, history in Greek coins,

240; natural positions, 268
City councils, acts of, 182
Class position of authors, 126
Classification of historical

materials, 13-18
Clearing of land, 212
Climate, influence of, 265
Coins, 238; origin, 239;
weights, 240; types, 240;
cities, 241; art, 242; medi-
æval, 243

Colonies, social phenomena of,
282

Combination in history, 262
Commerce, natural routes, 268
Comminatio, 65
Communication, effect of
slow, 222

Concentration of data, 289;
of material, 292; in tradi-
tion, 146

"Conqueror, The," 317
Conscious materials of history,
14, 15

Constantine, Donation of, 31,32
Constructive process, 261-277
Conventionality, mediæval,

138; social power of, 280
Corroboration, diplomatics, 65
Court records negative, 188
Craig, Thos., on historical

evidence, 249
Craniology, 236

Crime and civilization, 175
Criticism, external, 19-44;
definition, 19; object, 23;
higher, 20; internal, 20

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