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VI.

fhould gain both the wages of a journeyman who CHA P. works under a master, and the profit which that mafter makes by the fale of the journeyman's work. His whole gains, however, are commonly called profit, and wages are, in this cafe too, confounded with profit.

A gardener who cultivates his own garden with his own hands, unites in his own person the three different characters, of landlord, farmer, and labourer. His produce, therefore, should pay him the rent of the first, the profit of the fecond, and the wages of the third. The whole, however, is commonly confidered as the earnings of his labour. Both rent and profit are, in this cafe, confounded with wages.

As in a civilized country there are but few commodities of which the exchangeable value arifes from labour only, rent and profit contributing largely to that of the far greater part of them, fo the annual produce of its labour will always be fufficient to purchase or command a much greater quantity of labour than what was employed in raising, preparing, and bringing that produce to market. If the fociety were annually to employ all the labour which it can annually purchase, as the quantity of labour would encrease greatly every year, fo the produce of every fucceeding year would be of vaftly greater value than that of the foregoing. But there is no country in which the whole annual produce is employed in maintaining the industrious. The idle every where confume a great part of it; and according to the different proportions

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BOOK in which it is annually divided between those two different orders of people, its ordinary or average value muft either annually increafe, or diminish, or continue the fame from one year to another.

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CHAP.

VII.

Of the Natural and Market Price of Commodities.

TH

CHAP. HERE is in every fociety or neighbourhood an ordinary or average rate both of wages and profit in every different employment of labour and stock. This rate is naturally regulated, as I shall show hereafter, partly by the general circumftances of the fociety, their riches or poverty, their advancing, ftationary, or declining condition; and partly by the particular nature of each employment.

There is likewife in every fociety or neighbourhood an ordinary or average rate of rent, which is regulated too, as I fhall fhow hereafter, partly by the general circumftances of the fociety or neighbourhood in which the land is fituated, and partly by the natural or improved fertility of the land.

Thefe ordinary or average rates may be called the natural rates of wages, profit, and rent, at the time and place in which they commonly prevail.

When the price of any commodity is neither more nor lefs than what is fufficient to pay the

rent

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rent of the land, the wages of the labour, and CHA P. the profits of the ftock employed in raifing, preparing, and bringing it to market, according to their natural rates, the commodity is then fold for what may be called its natural price.

The commodity is then fold precisely for what it is worth, or for what it really costs the perfon who brings it to market; for though in common language what is called the prime cost of any commodity does not comprehend the profit of the person who is to fell it again, yet if he fells it at a price which does not allow him the ordinary rate of profit in his neighbourhood, he is evidently a lofer by the trade; fince by employing his stock in fome other way he might have made that profit. His profit, besides, is his revenue, the proper fund of his fubfiftence. As, while he is preparing and bringing the goods to market, he advances to his workmen their wages, or their fubfiftence; fo he advances to himself, in the fame manner, his own fubfiftence, which is generally fuitable to the profit which he may reasonably expect from the fale of his goods. Unless they yield him this profit, therefore, they do not repay him what they may very properly be faid to have really coft him.

Though the price, therefore, which leaves him this profit, is not always the loweft at which a dealer may fometimes fell his goods, it is the lowest at which he is likely to fell them for any confiderable time; at leaft where there is perfect liberty, or where he may change his trade as often as he pleases.

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BOOK The actual price at which any commodity is commonly fold is called its market price. It may either be above, or below, or exactly the fame with its natural price.

The market price of every particular commodity is regulated by the proportion between the quantity which is actually brought to market, and the demand of thofe who are willing to pay the natural price of the commodity, or the whole value of the rent, labour, and profit, which muft be paid in order to bring it thither. Such people may be called the effectual demanders, and their demand the effectual demand; fince it may be fufficient to effectuate the bringing of the commodity to market. It is different from the abfolute demand. A very poor man may be faid in fome fenfe to have a demand for a coach and fix; he might like to have it; but his demand is not an effectual demand, as the commodity can never be brought to market in order to fatisfy it.

When the quantity of any commodity which is brought to market falls fhort of the effectual demand, all thofe who are willing to pay the whole value of the rent, wages, and profit, which muft be paid in order to bring it thither, cannot be fupplied with the quantity which they want. Rather than want it altogether, fome of them will be willing to give more. A competition will immediately begin among them, and the market price will rife more or lefs above the natural price, according as either the greatness of the deficiency, or the wealth and wanton luxury of the competitors, happen to animate more or lefs the eagerness

of

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of the competition. Among competitors of equal C HA P. wealth and luxury the fame deficiency will generally occafion a more or less eager competition, according as the acquifition of the commodity happens to be of more or lefs importance to them. Hence the exorbitant price of the neceffaries of life during the blockade of a town or in a famine.

When the quantity brought to market exceeds the effectual demand, it cannot be all fold to those who are willing to pay the whole value of the rent, wages and profit, which must be paid in order to bring it thither. Some part must be fold to those who are willing to pay lefs, and the low price which they give for it must reduce the price of the whole. The market price will fink more or lefs below the natural price, according as the greatness of the excefs increases more or lefs the competition of the fellers, or according as it happens to be more or lefs important to them to get immediately rid of the commodity. The fame excefs in the importation of perishable, will occafion a much greater competition than in that of durable commodities; in the importation of oranges, for example, than in that of old iron.

When the quantity brought to market is just fufficient to fupply the effectual demand and no more, the market price naturally comes to be either exactly, or as nearly as can be judged of, the fame with the natural price. The whole quantity upon hand can be difpofed of for this price, and cannot be difpofed of for more. The G 3 compe-,

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