The people number about 70,000 souls-Jews, Italians, Portuguese and Irish. The ignorant immigrant laborers are often fleeced by the "padrone," a kind of Shylock, who keeps an intelligence office; and so the Society of Mutual Aid provides a substitute for him in an honest employment bureau. Love of Italy becomes the basis for American patriotism in the enthusiastic assemblies where Garabaldi and Washington are praised in the same speeches.

The educational and relief work are kept quite apart from the religious services, and they are designed to express and illustrate the spirit of Christianity. There is no attempt to proselyte. But there are evangelistic services, street meetings and lodging-house meetings, where the Christian faith is frankly declared.

THE SAN FRANCISCO SETTLEMENT ASSOCIATION was formed April, 1894, and maintains the South Park Settlement. The neighbors are principally working people,-native-born Americans, Irish and Germans,—most of whom speak the English language. This House has the usual clubs, classes, libraries and lectures. It enjoys the assistance of teachers and students of the State University and of Leland Stanford University. The residents are both men and women.

For other illustrations see "Bibliography of Settlements," by Mr. J. P. Gavit, The Commons, Chicago.

THE SETTLEMENT IDEA IN SMALL TOWNS.

There is every reason to carry the agencies of the Settlement into village life and country towns, where families may be found who are quite cut off from their neighbors, where the community life is not shared, and where heathenism of the darkest kind poisons the blood. Why should not a group of good people be formed to give particular study to the conditions which surround and curse these isolated and detached members? The rude boys, who must grow up to be the terror of the country, might be gathered in clubs, taught gardening, poultry raising, tool practice and good manners. coarse girls, mis-educated by degenerate mothers, need to be brought into living and friendly contact with superior natures, and tactfully led past the dangerous temptations of girlhood.

The

There are

Why should not the summer vacation be turned to account in this way? The Log Cabin Settlement seems to point out the path to this end. many neglected, yet healthy and picturesque, neighborhoods in New England and elsewhere which might be transformed by the fresh and intelligent life of summer visitors.

The tendency to local union is illustrated by the "Federation of Chicago Settlements," organized October 7, 1894.

There is as yet no national federation of Settlements, but a Conference was held in New York

City, May 3-5, 1895. The subject then most discussed was the relation of Settlements to the Labor Movements, and a policy of conciliation and mediation seemed to meet the approval of those present.

SETTLEMENTS IN OTHER COUNTRIES.

FRANCE.-An article in La Revue Hebdomadaire May 22, 1897, gives an account of the "Club Charitable Française," founded by the Marquis Costa de Beauregard in the Popincourt Quarter, Paris.

SETTLEMENTS CONNECTED WITH FOREIGN
MISSIONS.

It is not surprising that work akin to that of the Settlement should be considered by missionaries. What is a missionary but a resident among the less privileged? Work with Settlement features may be found at many stations-class work, visiting nurses, medical aid, relief agencies, and all the other modes of philanthropy. Rev. M. L. Gordon, at Kyoto, Japan, has what he likes to call a household church, with Sunday school, Bible classes, and personal helps of various kinds. Mr. Sen Katayama has established at Tokyo, Japan, the "Kingsley House"; Rev. Tomoyoshi Murai proposes similar work for Osaka. The development of the idea under Japanese conditions will be watched with interest. Miss Woolfolk speaks of a missionary university Settlement in Bombay, India.

PART II.

THEORY OF THE SETTLEMENT.

Every institution grows out of a belief, an inward conviction or desire. Voluntary associations exist for the purpose of carrying out certain purposes. The definition of the social purpose of a Settlement is a statement of its theory. It is true that no two residents would state this purpose in the same words, but there is substantial agreement as to the ideal.

I. SOME ELEMENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY IDEAL OF LIFE.-The University has developed a certain broad conception of culture and perfection which is shared by an increasing number of the members of society. The Settlement movement is, in actual historical origin, in incentive, scope and impulse, a University movement outward upon the world. The ideal is comprehensive of all the elements of well-being, and is the precipitant of ages of reflection and leisure. The ideal borrows from all literatures in which the entire past has left deposited the finest results of experience. It involves a catholic tolerance which issues from the fellowship of learning, from the modesty taught by debates of peers, and by the humility of defeat in presence of agelong problems of research. Even when the Settlement does not proceed directly from classic halls it

is sure to cherish something of the same generous estimates of welfare.

Asceticism is not a mark of the institution, although self-sacrifice is not uncommon among the workers. Manly sport, vigorous physical exercise, boxing and cooking classes, recreations, prove that the Renaissance joy in life, the Greek appreciation of the perfect athlete, are master motives. The pleasures of sensation and the value of strength, vigor and grace are all approved, admired and cultivated.

There is keen delight in learning and knowing and teaching. The intellectual life is one of the interests, for its own sake, and for the power over nature and circumstances which it brings. The art exhibitions, the classic pictures, the attempt to introduce beauty into dingy and dreary schools, manifest aesthetic joy. Delight in beauty, eager search for artists among the people, restful appreciation of fine handiwork, are notes of the Settlement. The charm of fellowship and genial intercourse is valued by the typical resident. Those who are hungry for the company of their kind are companionable. the clear atmosphere of friendliness common truths and duties are sought and discovered. The clouds of suspicion melt away in the kindly beams of intelligent sympathy.

In

Justice is on the lips of the resident. He dreams with passionate fervor of helping every man to a fair chance. Mazzini is read. Law itself is tested by its tendency to afford equality of opportunity.

The belief exists that only as