forbid them to do this, and who must make others their agents." In another letter we see Denison about his daily work : "My opinion about the great sphere of usefulness to which I should find myself admitted by coming to live here is completely justified. All is yet in embryo, but it will grow. Just now I only teach a night school, and do what in me lies in looking after the sick, keeping an eye upon nuisances and the like, seeing that the local authorities keep up to their work. I go to-morrow before the board at the workhouse to compel the removal to the infirmary of a man who ought to have been there already. I shall drive the sanitary inspector to put the Act against overcrowding in force, with regard to some houses in which there have been as many as eight and ten bodies occupying one room." THE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION MOVEMENT started at Cambridge about the same time that Denison, an Oxford man, went to take lodgings in an obscure. quarter of London. Eminent men enlisted in this cause, among them Professor Seeley, author of "Ecce Homo," who was made president of the "Workmen's Social and Educational League." The extension movement was a manifestation of a social conscience in the universities. It trained men to study the economic, æsthetic and intellectual needs of wage earners and dependents. It tended to cure them of pedantry and vanity, and gave them respect for the powers and qualities of the leaders of the workers whom they met in discussion. THE LONDON CHARITY OR GANIZATION SOCIETY (C. O. S.) was established in 1869. The founders of this organization had experience among the poor. They sought to introduce order and system into the defective and conflicting methods of relief, and to send among the people a large number of friendly visitors who might contribute a higher degree of intelligence and devotion to the study of causes and to more adequate methods of help. The transition from occasional visits by non-residents to daily life with the people in their own territory was natural and easy. And yet the Settlement has far wider and higher aims than those commonly associated with the C. O. S., and it appeals more directly to democratic ideals of development within the “working classes." FORMULATION OF THE PLAN OF SETTLEMENTS. The architect precedes the contractor and mechanic. Before 1873, at Oxford, there was a group of teachers and students who were thinking out the ideals of democracy and trying their theories on bits of local experiments of real work for their own town. Ruskin set young men to build a piece of road. Among his helpers was an enthusiast whom we are to meet again, Arnold Toynbee. Professor Green was shaping the raw materials of fancy into definite action. These men were thinking and talking of personal residence as the necessary means of carrying their higher life to the people. Discussions did not end in talk. One of the most brilliant members of the group, Arnold Toynbee, went to London in 1875 to seek a field for personal service. He confided his dreams and hopes to Rev. S. A. Barnett, a clergyman resident in Whitechapel, Vicar of St. Jude's, and sought from the man of experience counsel and direction. During several summer vacations he lived and worked in this region and became a trusted intellectual leader. He held the position of tutor of Indian service students at Oxford, and won many admiring and attached friends. His London work was chiefly lecturing on economic subjects. He died March 9, 1883. The date is important. Out of his ashes sprang into life the Settlement movement. The friends of Toynbee resolved to erect for him a suitable memorial. They were thinking of endowing a lectureship for Extension teaching. But several events turned their thoughts in another direction. In the year of Toynbee's death the heart and conscience of England was stirred by the publication of "The Bitter Cry of Outcast London." It was a revelation of domestic, economic and political evils which alarmed patriots and demonstrated by description of facts that there was a sore which would never heal itself, a disease so deep and terrible that it threatened civilization. Another event was the visit of Rev. S. A. Barnett to Oxford and his address to Toynbee's friends. He had now been working for ten years in Whitechapel and spoke with the authority and weight of conviction based on first hand knowledge. "He told them that it would be of little use merely to secure a room in East London where University Extension lectures. might be given, as they were thinking of doing. He said that every message to the poor would be vain if it did not come expressed in the life of brother man."-(R. A. Woods). The University Settlement Association was formed to provide necessary funds and to foster the interest in other ways. PARTICULAR BRITISH SETTLEMENTS.—At this point we may take up the account of the origin, development and characteristic activities and institutions of various Settlements in Great Britian. It will be seen that varying conditions of the communities and the different gifts and resources of the workers have produced houses of widely different forms. While they have some things in common they have moved out freely in many directions of experiment. Comparison of these experiments will lead to certain generalizations as to theory, and to certain principles of organization which will occupy the latter part of this discussion. It will be impossible to do more than give illustrative examples of methods. To describe all the Settlements in detail would involve much repetition. Those houses have been selected which supply the most abundant material and which have distinctive features. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, WITH LOCATION OF SETTLEMENTS. 1860-F. D. Maurice establishes the Workingmen's College in London. 1867-University Extension starts from Cambridge. 1867-Edward Denison goes to assist Rev. J. R. Green in East London. 1869 Charity Organization Society founded. 1873-Ruskin, T. H. Green and others talk of the idea of Settlements. 1875-Arnold Toynbee goes to Whitechapel to assist Rev. S. A. Barnett. 1883-"Bitter Cry of Outcast London" published. Toynbee died. Rev. S. A. Barnett addresses Toynbee's friends at Oxford. He had already been ten years in Whitechapel. 1885-Toynbee Hall founded, 28 Commercial street, E. Lon don. Oxford House, Mape street, Bethnal Green, E. London. 1886-Toynbee House, Glasgow, 130 Parson street. Chalmer's University Settlement, Edinburgh, 10 Ponton street, Fountainbridge. 1889-St. Margaret's House, Ladies' Branch of Oxford House, 4 Victoria Park Square, Bethnal Green, E. London. Leighton Hall, Neighborhood Guild, 8, 9, 10 Leighton Crescent, Kentish Town, N. W. London. Mayfield House, Cheltenham Ladies' College, Old Foad Road, Bethnal Green, E. London. 1889-Cambridge House (before 1897 called Trinity Court), 131 Camberwell Road, S. E. London. The Rugby House, 292 Lancaster Road, Notting Hill, Students' Settlement, Glasgow, 10 Porsit Road, Gars- 1890-Mansfield House, 167 Barking Road, Channing Town, E. London. New College Settlement, Edinburgh, Free Church, 48 |