of society in the relation in which they stand to the best social ideas of the present time, as he did, with such admirable success, in reference to the philosophy of his century. Such is the idea which the writer of the present work has kept before him. To succeed even partially in realizing it, would be a sufficiently useful achievement, to induce him to incur willingly all the chances of failure. It is requisite, however, to add, that although his object is practical, and, as far as the nature of the subject admits, popular, he has not attempted to purchase either of those advantages by the sacrifice of strict scientific reasoning. Though he desires that his treatise should be more than a mere exposition of the abstract doctrines of Political Economy, he is also desirous that such an exposition should be found in it. Addi The present fifth edition has been revised throughout, and the facts, on several subjects, brought down to a later date than in the former editions. tional arguments and illustrations have been inserted where they seemed necessary, but not in general at any considerable length. 3. Does nature contribute more to the efficacy of labour in 49 CHAPTER II. Of Labour, as an Agent of Production. § 1. Labour employed either directly about the thing produced, 6. - - in the transport and distribution of the produce, 7. Labour which relates to human beings, 4. All other labour, however useful, is classed as unproductive 5. Productive and Unproductive Consumption, 1. Capital is wealth appropriated to reproductive employment, 2. More capital devoted to production than actually employed 86 888 2. but does not always come up to that limit, - 3. Increase of capital gives increased employment to labour, 4. Capital is the result of saving, 5. All capital is consumed, 94 7. Why countries recover rapidly from a state of devastation, 8. Effects of defraying government expenditure by loans, 9. Demand for commodities is not demand for labour, 10. Fallacy respecting Taxation, 69 CHAPTER VII. On what depends the degree of Productive- § 1. Land, labour, and capital, are of different productiveness at - superiority of intelligence and trustworthiness in the com- 2. Effects of separation of employments analysed, . 3. Combination of labour between town and country, § 1. Advantages of the large system of production in manufac- 2. Advantages and disadvantages of the joint-stock principle, 1. Means and motives to saving, on what dependent, 2. Causes of diversity in the effective strength of the desire of CHAPTER XII. Of the Law of the Increase of Produc- § 1. The limited quantity and limited productiveness of land, the 2. The law of production from the soil, a law of diminishing 3. Antagonist principle to the law of diminishing return; the § 1. Remedies when the limit to production is the weakness of the principle of accumulation,. 2. Necessity of restraining population not confined to a state of |