in 1661, and 1672 sworn a judge of the Court of Common Pleas. In April, 1689, he was appointed by William III. Chief Baron of the Exchequer, and on the 19th Oct. in the same year was made speaker of the House of Lords, from which post he retired in 1692. Two years later he resigned his seat in the Exchequer, and spent the remaining fifteen years of his life in retirement, at his seat at Sapperton, in Gloucestershire. His principal works were An Inquiry into the Power of Dispensing with Penal Laws, Lon., 1689; The Power of Jurisdiction and Privilege of Parliament, and the Antiquity of the House of Commons Assured, Lon., 1689; The True and Ancient Jurisdiction of the House of Peers, Lon., 1699; Enquiry into the Jurisdiction of the Chancery, in Causes of Equity, Lon., 1695. He pub. two pamphlets in defence of Lord Russel's innocency, 1689. When applied to for his advice in the case of Lord William Russel, he freely gave it, and pronounced the following memorable declaration, for which he is entitled to the thanks of all friends of constitutional liberty:

"There is, nor ought to be, no such thing as constructive treason; it defeats the very scope and design of the statute of the 25th of Edward III., which is to make a plain declaration what shall be adjudged treason by the ordinary courts of justice."

Atkyns, Sir Robt., 1647-1711, son of the preceding, is chiefly known by his work entitled The Antient and Present State of Glostershire, "a large folio volume, beauti- | fully printed" in 1712, the year after Sir Robert's decease. Dr. Parsons, a former chancellor of the diocese, had been at great pains and trouble to collect the materials for a history of the county, but was prevented by ill health from completing his design. Atkyns had the advantage

of his valuable collection.

"It was very expensive to the undertaker, who printed it in a pompous manner, adorning it with variety of views and prospects of the seats of the gentry and nobility, with their arms." "It were to be wished that more authorities had been given and the charters and grants published in the original language."-GOUGH. The transcripts of all these were collected by Parsons. On the night of Jan. 29-30, 1712-13, a fire took place at Mr. Bowyer's printing office, and

"Among the articles which perished by this sudden and awful visitation was by far the greater number of Sir Robert Atkyns' valuable History of Gloucestershire;' a few copies only of it having been snatched from the flames, of which they still retain indelible marks."-Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, vol. i.

Mr. Herbert republished this work in 1768. Great part of this second edition was also destroyed by fire. Dr. Ducarel, in the preparation of his Repertory of Endowments of Vicarages, drew for Gloucester principally from Atkyns and the Worcester Register.

Atlay, Jos. Work on Distillery, Lon., 1794. Atlee, Washington L., M.D., born Feb. 22d, 1808, at Lancaster, Penn.; a distinguished lecturer and medical writer. Prof. Atlee has rendered great service to the cause of medicine in the United States, having contributed upwards of forty valuable papers to the principal Medical Journals in the Union. He is also the author of thirteen pamphlets, addresses, and lectures on Medicine, Chemistry, Botany, &c.

Atmore, C. Chandler's Hist. of the Persecution, 1813. Atterbury, English glee composer, the author of the popular glee, "Come, let us all a Maying go," &c.

In

Atterbury, Francis, 1662-1732, Bishop of Rochester, was born at Milton Keynes, near Newport-Pagnell, where his father, Dr. Lewis Atterbury, was rector. 1676 he was admitted a King's scholar at Westminster, under Dr. Busby; in 1680 ho was elected a student of Christ Church, Oxford. His proficiency in the classics soon brought him into considerable notice. In 1682 he published a Latin version of Dryden's Absalom and Ahithophel, and two years later edited some Latin poems by Italian authors. In 1690 he married Miss Osborn, a lady celebrated for her beauty-said to be a niece of the Duke of Leeds. He took a considerable part in the famous controversy respecting the authenticity of the Epistles of Phalaris, in which battle Dr. Richard Bentley and the Hon. Charles Boyle were the principal combatants. We know from his own assertion that more than half of Boyle's "Examination" was written by Atterbury: Dr. Smalridge and others bearing a part in this unfortunate production. (See BENTLEY, RICHARD; BOYLE, CHARLES.)

The Sermons of Atterbury attracted great attention from the first, and soon gave rise to controversies which we have merely time to refer to. Hoadley, Burnet, and Wake, were no mean antagonists, but our champion seems never to have been intimidated by numbers or awed by the fear of names. See a list of works on both sides the Convocation Controversy in the Biographia Britannica.,

Our author, always willing to lend a hand in a contest, composed for Dr. Sacheverell a great portion of the speech delivered by him at his trial. In 1713 Atterbury was raised to the see of Rochester, with the deanery of Westminster in commendam. It has been thought that the pri macy would not have been above his reach, had not the Queen's death, in 1714, interposed an effectual bar to all his prospects of advancement. The present prosperity, and hopes for the future, of Atterbury, and the political party to which he was attached, were buried with Queen Anne. There had been some talk among the ministers of proclaiming the Pretender upon the death of the Queen, and Atterbury is said (upon doubtful authority) to have offered to proclaim the Pretender in his lawn sleeves at Charing Cross, and to have declared-while Bolingbroke and Ormond were protesting-"Never was better cause lost for want of spirit." George I. naturally regarded Atterbury with distrust, and in 1722 there was thought snfficient grounds to authorize his arrest and committal to the Tower on a charge of high treason. How far this charge was justifiable by the facts will perhaps always remain a matter of uncertainty. On the 16th of May, 1722, he was condemned to the "deprivation of all his offices excited great admiration for the boldness and eloquence and benefices, and to suffer perpetual exile." His defence by which it was distinguished. On going ashore at Calais, he was informed that Lord Bolingbroke-who, after was arrived at the same place on his return to England, the rising of parliament, had received the king's pardonwhereupon he is reputed to have observed, with an air of tive in behalf of the Pretender, which gives good grounds pleasantry, "Then I am exchanged." Abroad he was acsentence of exile. Atterbury died at Paris, Feb. 15th, for the belief that he was not hardly dealt with in the 1731-2, in the 70th year of his age. His favourite daughter, Mrs. Morice, visited him in Paris, 1729, she being then in a decline, and only survived the voyage twenty-four hours. Pope (who was warmly attached to the bishop) has recorded this affecting incident in the following lines: SHE: "Yes, we have lived,-one pang and then we part! May Heaven, dear father, now have all thy heart! Yet, ah! how much we loved, remember still, Till you are dust like me."

HE:

"Dear shade. I will! Then mix this dust with thine, O spotless ghost! Oh more than fortune, friends, or country lost! Is there on earth one care, one wish beside? Yes! Save my country, Heav'n! he said, and died!” versial character. His publications commence with the Atterbury's writings were almost entirely of a controAbsalom and Ahithophel, trans. into Latin verse 1682, and conclude with a belligerent title, in The Voice of the people no voice of God, 1710. The Memoirs of his Life and Conduct, were pub. in 1723. Four volumes of his Sermons in 1740. His Epistolary Correspondence, &c., by J. Nichols, 8vo. 4 vols., in 1783. Private Correspondence in 1768. Miscellaneous Works with Historical Notes, by J. Nichols, 5 vols. Three vols. containing Sermons, Discourses, and Letters, have been since republished, 1789-98.

With Pope, Swift, and many of the principal literary characters of his day, he was on terms of friendship, and was held in great esteem by his associates, as a man of great abilities and a skilful politician. We need hardly say that we cannot consider him as a fitting representative of primitive episcopacy. There have been many brighter illustrations of the true character of a Christian bishop than our bold, declamatory, and mettlesome prelate. Pope thus alludes to his friend when transferred, from the wonted comforts and luxuries of his own halls, to the hospitalities of the house of bondage:

"How pleasing Atterbury's softer hour!

How shined his soul unconquered in the Tower!" Epilogue to the Sat. Dialogue. Swift, in an imaginary dialogue between himself and Stella, speaks of a dean to be discovered by Stella's ingenuity:

"A

"A little black man of pretty near fifty." "The same." good pleasant man." "Aye, the same." "Cunning enough." "Yes." "One that understands his own interest." "As well as any body." "A very good face. and abundance of wit.... I mean Dr. Atterbury, Dean of Carlisle." See Rose's Biog. Dict.; Cunningham's Biog. History of England.

"His person, it is to be confessed. is no small recommendation, and adding propriety of speech-which might pass the criticism of but he is to be highly commended for not losing that advantage. Longinus-an action which would have been approved by Demos thenes. He never attempts your passions till he has convinced

your reason."-A writer in the Tutler.

Smalridge styles him

"Vir in nullo literarum genere hospes, in plerisque artibus e studiis duo et feliciter exercitatus, in maxime perfectis literarum disciplinis perfectissimus."

"Atterbury was, on the whole, rather a man of ability than a genius. He writes more with elegance and correctness, than with force of thinking or reasoning. His letters to Pope are too much

crowded with very trite quotations from the classics."-WARTON. Dr. Warburton had a mean opinion of his critical abilities, and of his Discourse on the Iapis of Virgil.

"A very learned correspondence took place between Bishops Potter and Atterbury respecting the times in which the Four Gospels were written; which is preserved in the Epistolary Correspondence of Atterbury."-Nichols's Literary Anecdotes.

"His controversial writings are brilliant, but shallow; his criticisms evince more taste and fancy than erudition; and his translations from Horace, have, as it is now generally admitted, obtained greater praise than they merit. His sermons, however, it must be confessed, are clear, forcible, and, though never sublime, occasionally eloquent and pathetic; and his letters, on which his fame as a writer, must principally depend, are superior even to those of Pope."-Georgian Era.

"Atterbury was nothing more nor less than a Jacobite priest: his writings were extolled by that faction; but his letter on Clarendon's History is truly excellent."-HORACE WALPOLE.

Sir John Pringle had expressed a wish that I would ask Dr. Johnson's opinion what were the best English sermons for style. I took an opportunity to-day of mentioning several to him. At tebury? JOHNSON: Yes, sir, one of the best."-Boswell's Johnson, With reference to the mention of Atterbury's letters, read his very affecting epistle to Pope, when the bishop was about embarking for a foreign shore; an exile, in adversity and disgrace! His influence over Pope must have been great, as the following instances prove:

"I had flung all my learning into the Deucalion in my Epic Poem, as indeed Milton has done too much in his Paradise Lost. The Bishop of Rochester advised me to burn it: I saw his advice was well grounded, and followed it, though not without some regret. Again: I wrote four books towards it, [Alcander, Prince of Rhodes, of about a thousand verses each; and had the copy by me till I burnt it, by the advice of the Bishop of Rochester, a little before he went abroad." See Spence's Anecdotes.

"He is the glory of our English orators. In his writings we see language in its strictest purity and beauty. There is nothing dark, nothing redundant, nothing obscure, nothing misplaced."-DR. DODDRIDGE.

Bickersteth commends The Rights and Powers and Privileges of an English Convocation, as "written with vigour and perspicuity," but considers Archbishop Wake's answer as "a full reply:" of his sermons he remarks, "A low tone of divinity, in a polished style of writing."

"He was a polite writer. His Sermons probably owed most of their fame, among his contemporaries, who have lavishly applauded him, to his mode of delivery in the pulpit. for the Tatler savs it was such as would have been approved by Longinus and Demosthenes."--DR. KNOX.

"In Sherlock and Atterbury are apparent the highest powers of the mind, and the most unaffected eloquence."-Quarterly Review. Atterbury excels in purity of language, delicacy of thought, and graceful allusions."-DR. E. WILLIAMS.

Atterbury, Lewis, 1631-1693, father of the preceding, was entered at Christ Church, Oxf., in 1647.

"He submitted to the Authority of the visitors appointed by the Parliament."-WOOD.

He pub. three Sermons, viz: 1. A Good Subject, on Prov. xxiv. 21, 22, Lon., 1684. 2. The Ground of Christian Feasts, Lon., 1685. 3. Babylon's Downfall, Lon., 1691.

He

Atterbury, Lewis, 1656-1731, eldest son of the preceding, was entered at Christ Church, Oxf., in 1674. pub. several sermons, 1687-1705; two treatises on the Popish controversy, and translated from the French, Madame La Valliere's Penitent Lady, 1684, and the Re-union of Christians, 1708. Mr. Yardley pub. his Select Sermons "He was happy in a plain and intelligible way of expressing himself and therefore was the less careful of turning and smoothing his periods."-YARDLEY.

in 1743.

Attersol, Wm. Commentary upon Philemon, Lon., 1612. The New Covenant, 1614. Commentary upon Numbers, 1618.

"A very full exposition; practical and evangelical."-BICKER

STETH.

Three Treatises, upon Luke xiii. 1; xii. 1, and upon Jonah iii. 4.

Atton. On Beautifying a Church; Serm. Mark iv. 9, 1767.

Atwell, George, of Cambridge, author of a Defense of Astrology, Lon., 1660. The Faithful Surveyor, Camb., 1662. Mr. Atwell is spoken of with respect by his illustrious contemporary, Sir Isaac Newton.

Atwell, Jos., d. 1768, "eminent for his learning and piety," was a contributor to Phil. Trans., 1732-36. Atwood, G. Serm. Death Prince of Wales, 1751. Atwood, G. Review of Stat. and Ord. of Assize, 1801. Atwood, Geo., 1745-1807, a mathematician of note, and financial private secretary to Wm. Pitt, completed his studies in Trinity Coll., Camb., where he was afterwards a Fellow and a tutor. He was an excellent lecturer, and Mr. Pitt was one of his most attentive auditors. In 1784 be pub. his Treatise upon the Rectilinear Motion and Ro

G

tation of Bodies, which was very favourably received. ciples of Natural Philosophy, in the same year. DissertaHe pub. An Analysis of a course of Lectures on the Prin

tion on Arches, 1801-5. He was a contributor to the Phil. Trans., 1781-98.

"The latter years of his life were spent in much suffering, from the infirmities brought on by intense application-by that worst of all complaints, the literary malady. His powers of application were very great, and his accuracy as a calculator never surpassed." -Rose's Biog. Dict.

Atwood, Thos. History of Dominica, Lon. 1791. Observations relative to Negro Slaves in the Brit. W. 1. Islands, Lon., 1790. Observations on Currency, Population, and Pauperism, in two letters to A. Young, Esq., 1818. Atwood, Thos., 1765-1838, an Eng. Mus. Composer of note.

Atwood, Wm., published a number of Historical and Antiquarian Treatises, Lon., 1680-1705. The best known of his works is The Superiority and Direct Dominion of the Crown of England over the Crown and Kingdom of Scotland, asserted against Sir Thomas Craig, in which he endeavoured to prove that the Kings of Scotland had done homage and paid fealty for their kingdom to the Kings of England as lords paramount; so distasteful was this doctrine to the parliament of Scotland, that they ordered the offensive production in which it was contained to be burned by the common hangman, whilst Dr. Anderson, for his answer to this alleged libel, under the title of An Historical Essay, showing that the Crown and Kingdom of Scotland is Imperial and Independent, received a vote of thanks from the same august body. See ANDERSON, JAMES. Atwood was Chief Justice of New York, but fled in 1702.

Auale, Lemeke. A Commemoration or Dirge of Bastarde Edmonde Boner, alias Sauage, vsurped Bisshoppe of London. Compiled by Lemeke Auale, 1569.

"A most virulent piece of personal invective, written in the Skeltonic measure, in which the descent of Bonner is pretended to be traced from a juggler, a cut-purse, and a Tom o'Bedlam." Bindley's sale, £3 15s.

Analysis of the Constitution of the East India Company, Auber, Peter, Secretary to the East India Co. and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs at home and abroad, Lon., 1826. "A valuable and useful publication."

Rise and Progress of the Brit. Power in India, 1837. "A valuable work, in the preparation of which the author enjoyed access, from his position, to official materials of the most important character."

"

Aubert, Alex.V., 1729-1805, President of the Society of Antiquaries, contributed to Phil. Trans. 1769, 76, 83, 84. Aubin, P. Life and Adven.of the Lady Lucy, Lon.,1726. Aubrey, John, 1627-1697, an eminent antiquary and naturalist, was entered a gentleman-commoner of Trinity Coll., Oxf., in 1642. His Miscellanies" is a very curious collection of remarks upon a variety of supernatural subjects, such as Transportation in the Air, Day Fatality, Local Fatality, Blows Invisible, Knockings, Impulses, often reprinted. He left a number of works in MS. His Converse with Angels and Spirits, &c.; pub. in 1696, and Perambulation of the County of Surrey, with additions of Dr. Rawlinson, 5 vols., was pub. 1719-25. In 1813, appeared Letters written by eminent Persons in 17th and Aubrey, 3 vols. Aubrey's Collection for Wilts was pub18th Centuries, with Lives of Eminent Men, by John lished in 1821. Anthony Wood, who has drawn considerably in his Athen. Oxon. from Aubrey's biographical MSS.. speaks highly of him in the second volume of his Fasti, and in his History of the University of Oxford; but after his quarrel with him, he gives him the character of

"A shiftless person, roving and magotie-headed, and sometimes little better than crased. And being exceedingly credulous, would stuff his many letters sent to A. W. with fooleries and misinforma tions, which sometimes would guide him into the paths of error." Mr. Toland remarks of our author

yet he was a very honest man, and most accurate in his accoun "Though he was extremely superstitious, or seemed to be so, of matters of fact. But the facts he knew, not the reflections he made, were what I wanted."

"Whatever Wood, in a peevish humour, may have thought or said of Mr. Aubrey, by whose labours he highly profited, or however fantastical Aubrey may have been on the subject of chemistry or ghosts, his character for veracity has never been impeached; and as a very diligent antiquary, his testimony is worthy of at tention."-MALONE.

It is worthy of observation that Wood's account of Milton was literally transcribed from Aubrey's MS., who was intimately acquainted with the great poet. Gifford despatches Aubrey in his usual Jeffrey style:

"Whoever expects a rational account of any fact, howeve trite, from Aubrey, will meet with disappointment. . . . Aubrey thought little, believed much, and confused every thing."-Lif of Ben. Jonson.

But Mr. Gifford is not infallible. Sir Richard Col

Plays.

Now we cannot see that the gravamen of this indictment, when sifted a little, amounts to any thing very formidable. "Information on the highway" may be unexceptionably authentic; the Royal Psalmist deprecates the publicity of the "streets of Askelon," and we are assured on the best authority that "Wisdom crieth without, and uttereth her voice in the streets :" the juvenile Wolsey, who certainly was possessed of no ordinary genius, doubtless had often "embrued his hands in the blood of calves," and Shakspeare senior was probably much better pleased with his son's reciting poetry over the evidence of his industry in aiding his father's labours, than he would have been with his writing poetry, and leaving his parent to do all the work himself. As to the triumphal song, which so excites the doctor's ire, we submit that the accusation is not established by the record: Aubrey says that "when he killed a calfe, he would do it in a high style, and make a speech." Now what is there in this that proves the charge of exultation? What is there that forbids the supposition of an epicede, rather than a pœan? And an epicede we contend it was, and challenge Dr. Symmons and the whole Society of Antiquaries at his back, to disprove our allegation. Moreover, does not Maister Aubrey tell us that our great bard was not only "a handsome, well-shaped man," but also "verie good company, and of a very ready and pleasant and smooth witt!" But to be serious, we might find graver faults with Dr. Symmons's Life of Shakspeare than he can with "Maister Aubrey's" "information." We do not pretend to insist upon the infallibility of Aubrey, but it struck us as barely possible that living as he did with the contemporaries of Shakspeare, he might happen to know as much of his history as Dr. Symmons, and others, who favoured the world with their narrations some two centuries later.

Aubry, M. Oxonii Dux Poeticus, &c., Oxon. 1795. A poet. trans. entitled, The Beauties of Oxford, by W. Wills. Aubrey, or Awbrey, William, 1529-1595, was elected Fellow of All Souls Coll., Oxf., in 1547, and Regius Professor of Civil Law, in 1553. His writings remain in manuscript, with the exception of some letters pub. in Strype's Life of Grindal.

"A person he was of exquisite learning and singular prudence, and therefore mentioned with honour by Thuanus and others,

... He wrote several Letters to his cousin, Dr. John Dee, concerning the sovereignty of the seas, some of which I have seen."-WOOD. He also wrote something respecting the reformation of the Court of Arches, in 1576. One of his descendants remarks,

"He engrossed all the wit of the family, so that none descended from him can pretend to any."

Auchincloss, J., D. D., wrote an answer to that miserable tissue of ignorance, folly, and profanity, Paine's Age of Reason: The Sophistry of the first part of Paine's Age of Reason, or a Rational Vindication of the Holy Scriptures, as a Positive Revelation from God, with the causes of Deism; in three sermons, Lon., 1796. See WATSON, RICHARD.

Auchinleck, Hugh B. A Dissertation upon the Chron. of the Judges of Israel; Trans. Irish Acad., 1809. Auchmuty, Robt., d. 1750, of a Scottish family, settled in Boston, where he was appointed Judge of the Court of Admiralty in 1703, and again in 1733. He wrote The Importance of Cape Breton to the British Nation, (with a plan of taking the place,) Lon., 1745.

Auckland, Wm. Eden, Lord, d. 1814, a diplomatist of note, pub. a number of works on Political Economy and general politics. The Principles of Penal Law, Lon., 1771. On the Population of England, in answer to Dr. Price, 1786. History of New Holland, 1787. Remarks on the Apparent Circumstances of the War, in Oct., 1795, etc. Audley, Lady Eleanor. Strange and Wonderfull Prophecies, Lon., 1649; and other tracts.

Audley, J. A Sermon on Harvest. Audley, Jas. Lord, Earl of Castlehaven. Memoirs of his Engagement, &c. in the Wars of Ireland, from 1612 to 1651, Lon., 1680.

Audley, John, of Cambridge. A Companion to the

82

Audley, Matt. Christ. Moderation and Peace 1705. Audley, Matt. Sermons pub. 1739-75. Audubon, John James, 1780-1851, an eminent American Ornithologist, was the son of an admiral in the French navy, who settled on a plantation in Louisiana. After some attention to commercial pursuits, Mr. Audubon concluded to follow the bent of his native taste, and devote his time to ornithological investigations. He travelled for a long time, collecting materials of the most valuable character, which he was afterwards persuaded to give to the world. Accordingly in 1826, he visited Europe, to procure subscribers for his "Birds of America." His reception was most gratifying. Cuvier, Herschel, and Humboldt, Brewster, Wilson, Jeffrey, and Sir Walter Scott evinced a lively interest in his success. His great work was completed in 87 parts, (1828, etc.,) elephant folio, containing 448 plates of birds of the natural size, beautifully coloured, published at £182 148., ($1000.) This work embraced 5 vols. fol. of engravings, and 5 vols. 8vo of letterpress, the latter of which constitutes the American Ornithological Biography. At the time of handing his first drawings to the engraver, he had no subscribers, and his friends endeavoured to dissuade him from what they deemed a rash enterprise. But he was not to be deterred: "My heart was nerved, and my reliance upon that Power on whom all must depend brought bright anticipations of success." On the completion of this great undertaking, he writes, "Once more surrounded by all the members of my dear family, enjoying the countenance of numerous friends who have never deserted me, and possessing a competent share of all that can render life agreeable, I look up with gratitude to the Suprenie Being and feel that I am happy." See Griswold's Prose Writers of Am. New ed. of the Birds of America, 7 vols. imp. 8vo, 1844, 500 plates, being a reduced ed. of the larger work. Quadrupeds of North America, 3 vols. double medium folio, 150 plates, and 3 vols. Svo, letter-press. The drawings were made by Mr. Audubon and his sons Victor Gifford and John Woodhouse. Same work reduced, 3 vols. 8vo, 155 plates, 1853: the letter-press was prepared principally by Mr. A.'s friend, Rev. Dr. Bachman, of S. Carolina.

"When the celebrated Buffon had completed the ornithological portion of his great work on natural history, he announced with unhesitating assurance, that he had finished the history of the birds of the world.' Twenty centuries had served for the dis covery of only eight hundred species, but this number seemed immense, and the short-sighted naturalist declared that the list would admit of no material augmentation,' which embraced hardly a sixteenth of those now known to exist. To this asto

nishing advance of the science of ornithology, no one has contributed more than Audubon, by his magnificent painting and fascinating history.... He has indisputable claims to a respectable rank as a man of letters. Some of his written pictures of birds, so graceful, clearly defined, and brilliantly coloured, are scarcely inferior to the productions of his pencil. His powers of general description are also remarkable."-GRISWOLD.

"These are works with which critics have not much to do; or with respect to which, they can only discharge that part of their duty which is generally thought to give the least pleasure-we mean praise. No one can see these splendid drawings, and compare them with the ordinary illustrations of natural history, in which animals appear as spiritless as if they had been sitting for their portraits, without admiring his taste and skill.... If Mr. Audubon had contented himself with Linnean descriptions, he readers."-N. American Review. would have had the honour of discovering more birds than

"The hearts of all warned towards Audubon who were capable of conceiving the difficulties, dangers, and sacrifices, that must have been encountered, endured, and overcome, before genius could have embodied these, the glory of its innumerable triumphs. . . . The man himself is just what you would expect from his production; full of fine enthusiasm, and intelligence, most interesting in his looks and manners, a perfect gentleman, and esteemed by all who know him for the simplicity and frankness of his nature. He is the greatest artist in his own walk that ever lived."-PROFESSOR WILSON,

"Audubon's works are the most splendid monuments which ar has erected in honour of ornithology."-CUVIER.

Auerell, Wm. A wonderfull and straunge Newes, Lon., 1583. A maruailous Combat of Contrarieties, 1588. Four notable Histories, 1590.

Aungell, Jno. The Agreement of the holye Fathers and Doctors of the Churche vpon the chiefest Religion, Lon., 1555; dedicated to "Q. Marye, wyfe to Phillip." Aungerville. See RICHARD DE BURY.

Aurelius, Abr. Liber Jobi Poetica Metaphrasis Explicatus, Lon., 1632. Epithalamium in Nuptias Frederici V. et Eliz. Jacobi, Regis, Filiæ. Lon., 1634.

Austen. The Loiterer; a Period. Work, Oxf., 1789-90. Austen, Jane, 1775-1817, was a native of Steventon, in Hampshire, of which place her father was rector for 40 years. Her novels are held in high estimation. wrote Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma, Northanger Abbey, and Persuasion.

Sho

the last two were posthumous; the first four were pub. anonymously.

"Ferrier and Austen have given portraits of real society far superior to any thing vain man has produced of the like nature. ... I read again, and, for the third time, Miss Austen's very finely written novel of Pride and Prejudice. That young lady had a talent for describing the involvements, feelings, and characters of ordinary life, which is to me the most wonderful I have ever met with. The big bow-wow I can do myself like any one going; but the exquisite touch, which renders common-place things and characters interesting from the truth of the description, and the sentiment, is denied to me. What a pity so gifted a creature died so early!”—Sir Walter Scott's Diary.

Her works may be safely recommended, not only as among the most unexceptionable of their class, but as combining, in an eminent degree, instruction with amusement, though without the direct effort at the former, of which we have complained as sometimes defeating its object. For those who cannot or will not learn any thing from productions of this kind, she has provided enter tainment which entitles her to thanks; for mere innocent amusement is in itself a good, when it interferes with no greater, especially as it may occupy the place of some other that may not be innocent. The Eastern monarch, who proclaimed a reward to him who should discover a new pleasure, would have deserved well of mankind had he stipulated that it should be blameless. Those, again, who delight in the study of human nature, may improve in the knowledge of it, and in the profitable application of that knowledge, by the perusal of such fictions as those before us."— ARCHBISHOP WHATELY: Quarterly Review, 1821.

the satyrical wits of this university, who, Laving easily got some of his prose and poetry, served him as the wits did Tho. Coryat in his time, and published them under these titles, Naps upon Parnassus. A Sleepy Muse Wipt and Pincht, though not Awak ened, &c., Lon., 1658, Oct. Characters-printed with the former. Both which were ushered into the world by more than twenty copies of verses (advantaging the sale of the book) by such that had the name of, or at least pretended to be, poets."

"A Panegyric on K. Ch. II., Lon., 1661, Oct., wherein, just after the preface, he promised to publish some poems, conditionally the same Paneg. took, the subjects of which are there set down. But what prevented him, unless death, which happened about the plague year in 1657, I cannot tell."

Austin, Samuel, 1760-1830, President of the University of Vermont, was successively settled as minister at Fairhaven, Conn., and Worcester, Mass.

His most important works are: View of the Church; Theological Essays; Letters on Baptism, &c., pub. 1805-12' Austin, Mrs. Sarah, b. about the commencement of the present century, belonging to the celebrated Taylor family of Norwich, Eng., and wife of John Austin, barrister of London. She occupies a deservedly high position as "having introduced the finest types of the German mind to the knowledge and appreciation of the English reader." 1. Characteristics of Goethe, 1833, 3 vols. 8vo. 2. Collection of Fragments from the German Prose Writers, National Education, 12mo. 4. Sketches of Germany from illustrated with Biographical Notes. 3. Considerations on 1760 to 1814, p. 8vo. edits. 6. Selections from the Old Testament, 12mo. 7. 5. Story without an End; several Letters on Girls' Schools, 12mo. Ranke's History of the Reformation in Germany. Ranke's History of the Popes.

Austin, Gilbert. Sermon, Dub., 1791. Chironomica, Lon., 1806. Con. on Natural Philosophy to Phil. Trans. and Trans. Irish Acad.

Austin, James Trecothie, b. 1784, Boston. Life of his father-in-law, Elbridge Gerry, with contemporary letters to the close of the American Revolution, Bost., 1828, 8vo. Numerous addresses, discourses, &c.

Austin, John, d. 1669, a writer of the time of the Commonwealth. The Christian Moderator, or Persecution for Religion condemned by Wm. Birchley, Lon., 1651. "In this the author frequently attacks the doctrine of the

pope's deposing power."-C. BUTLER.

Among other works he pub. an Answer to Tillotson's Rule of Faith.

Austin, John. Con. to Trans. Soc. Arts, 1806. Austin, John. The Province of Jurisprudence Determined, Lon., 1832.

This is acknowledged to be one of the most valuable contributions to the philosophy of Law and Legislation that has been produced in modern times, and entitles the author to rank with Hooker and Montesquieu. Jeremy Bentham, in his Principles of Morals and Legislation, has in part occupied the same field, but his work falls far below the one under consideration."-Marvin's Legal Bibl.

The style of Professor Austin's Treatise is so condensed as to defy a just abridgment."

"We should find it difficult to name any one book from which we learnt so much, as from that-Mr. Austin's Province of Jurisprudence Determined."-Lon. Jurist.

Austin, Rev. John Mather, b. 1805, N. Y. Voice to Youth. Voice to the Married. Sunday-School Exposition. Life of John Quincy Adams, &c.

ton.

Austin, Jonathan Loring, 1748-1826, b. in BosLife of Elbridge Gerry, his father-in-law, 8vo. Contributed to the Christian Examiner and other journals. Austin, Samuel, the elder, b. 1606, entered Exeter Coll., Oxf., in 1623. Whilst at college he pub. Austin's Urania, or the Heavenly Muse, in a poem, full of Meditations, for the Comfort of all Souls at all Times, Lon., 1629. Austin, Samuel, the younger, 1636-1665?, son of the preceding, entered Wadham Coll., Oxf., in 1652. Wood deals him no gentle blow in his account of his father, where he says,

"He had a son of both his names, (a conceited coxcomb,) who endeavoured to Patrizaire, but through his exceeding vanity and folly he was made use of. as another Tho. Coryate. by certain poets of Oxon. in their respective copies of verses set before his Naps on Parnassus. &c., printed 1658, as I shall tell you in my other Volume of Writers."

Anthony keeps his promise, and when he reaches our unfortunate poet, he again administers unsparing castigation: "Such was the vanity of this person, that he, being extremely conceited of his own worth, and over-valuing his poetical fancy, more than that of Cleveland, who was then accounted by the Bravadoes the Hectoring Prince of Poets, fell into the hands of

"Of this translation we need only say that it is such as might be expected from the skill, the taste, and the scrupulous integrity of the accomplished lady who, as an interpreter between the mind of Germany and the mind of Britain, has already deserved so well of both countries."-T. B. MACAULAY: Edin. Rev., 1840. Austin, Wm., of Lincoln's Inn. Devotionis Augus.

tions, Lon., 1635.

"This work gives us a favourable idea of the piety of the author." Hæc Homo, or the Excellency of the Creation of Woman, Lon., 1637.

"Taken in some degree from Agrippa de Nobilitate et Procellentia Faminei Sextus."

"He was a friend of James Howell, to whom he communicated a poem which he had written on the Passion of Christ, and other poems, which Howell strongly urged him to publish, in a letter

written in 1628."

Austin, Wm., has been supposed to be the son of the preceding. Atlas under Olympus, 1664. The Anatomy of the Pestilence, 1666.

Austin, Wm. An Exam. of the First Six Books of Euclid's Elements, Oxf., 1781.

Austin, Wm., M.D., d. 1793. A Treatise on the Stone, Lon., 1791, (reviewed by Dr. Murray Forbes.) Con to Phil. Trans., 1788-90.

Austin, Wm., 1778-1841, lawyer of Mass., grad. Harvard Coll., 1798. 1. Oration on the Anniversary of the Battle of Bunker's Hill, Charlestown, 1801; 2d ed. 2. Letters from London, written during the Years 1802-03, Bost., 1804, 8vo. 3. Essay on the Human Character of Jesus Christ, 1807. 4. Peter Rugg, the Missing Man. Auther, John. Divine Poems on Various Subjects. Auvergne, E. D'. See D'AUVErgne. Avenant, D'. See DAVENANT.

Avery, Benj. Sermon on Micah vi. 5, 1773. Avesbury, Robt. de, d. 1356, an early English historian. He styles himself Register of the Archbishop of Canterbury's Court. Roberti de Avesbury Historia de Mirabilibus Gestis Edwardi III. hactenus inedita è Th. Hearne, Oxon., 1720. Appendicem etiam subvexuit in qua inter alia continentur. Letters of King Henry VIII. to Anne Boleyn. Avesbury's history comes down no farther than 1356.

In this work we have a plain narrative of facts, with an appa rent candour and impartiality; but his chief excellence lies in his accuracy in point of dates, and his stating all public actions from records, rather than from his own notions."-CHALMERS.

Avison, Chas., 1710-1770, an ingenious English musician. An Essay on Musical Expression, Lon., 1751. "An amusing and ingenious performance, written with a view of exalting Geminiani, Marcello, and Rameau, at the expense of Handel. Shortly after appeared Remarks, (by Hayes,) to which Avison replied."-LOWNDES.

Awbrey, Tim. Sermons, pub. 1715-31.

Awdeley, John, a printer of some note between the years 1559-1580, "appears to have been an author of several productions, serious ballads, and short moral pieces.

An Epitathe upon the Death of Mayster John Viron, 1562. A Poem upon Eccl. xx.. Remember death, and thou shalt never Sinne,' 1569. The Cruel Assault of God's Fort;' without date. Some original stanzas before Gre

gory Scott's Brief Treatise against certayne Errors, 1574." -Rose's Biog. Dict.

Awsiter, John, M.D. Prof. Works, Lon., 1763-69. Axferd, John. Coins, Weights, and Measures of the Bible.

Ayckbourn, Hubert. The New Chancery Practice; a condensed Treatise of the Practice of the Court of Chancery, as altered by the recent statutes and orders; 2d ed.

In connexion with T. Ayckbourn, Chancery Practice; 5th ed., 1855, 12mo. Forms of Proceedings in Chancery, 121o; 5th ed., 1855.

Ayerigg, Benj. Wedding Sermon, 1 Cor. vii. 20, 1715. Ayers, Ph. The Fortunate Fool.

Averst, Wm. The Duty and Motives of Praying for

Peace.

Ps. cxxii. 6-9, 1712.

Aylesbury, Thomas. Sermons, pub. 1622-59. Aylesbury, Wm. Trans. into English, Davila's History of the Civil Wars of France.

"The king [Charles I.] was pleased to command him to translate Davila's History, (he being a perfect master of the Italian language.) which he did with the assistance of his constant friend, Sir Charles Cotterel."

Aylett, Geo. Surgical Works, Lon., 1744-59. Aylett, Robt, LL.D., a Master in Chancery. Peace with her four Garders; (including Susanna, &c.,) Lon., 1622. A Wife not ready made, but bespoken, 1653. A poetical Pleading for and against Marriage. Divine and moral Speculations, 1654. Devotions; viz.: 1. A good Woman's Prayer. 2. The humble Man's Prayer, 1655. See Censura Literaria; Restituta; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. Dr. Aylett gives the following as his own epitaph.

"Hæc suprema dies, sit mihi prima quies." "Lord! let this last be my first day of rest."-Restituta. Wood states that it was the common report that Robt. Aylett was the author of Britannia Antiqua Illustrata, published under the name of his nephew, Aylett Sammes. When speaking of this unlucky gentlemen, old Anthony "remembers his swashing blow," and disposes of him in the following trenchant style:

The common report then was, that not he, but his quondam Uncle, was the author; and to confirm it, was his great ignorance in Matters and Books of Antiquity. I was several times in his company when he spent some weeks this Year in Oxon.. and found him to be an impertinent, girning, [grinning,] and pedantical coxcomb and so ignorant of Authors, that he never heard, before I mentioned it to him, of the great Antiquary, John Leland, or of his printed or manuscript Works, nor any thing of Baleus; nor could he give any account of Authors that are quoted in the said Brittannia Antiqua Illustrata, &c."

Ayleway, or Ayleworth, Wm. Epithalamia in Nuptias Caroli II., Lon., 1652. Sermon, 1662. Metaphysica Scholastica, &c., Colon., 1675.

Ayliffe, John, LL.D., a Fellow of New College in Oxford, pub. The Ancient and Present State of the University of Oxford, (Lon., 1714,) compiled chiefly from Wood's History of Oxford. The work gave so much offence from alleged aspersions and misrepresentations, that an order was decreed consigning it to the hands of the hangman to be burnt, and Ayliffe was degraded, and expelled the University. In 1716 he pub. an account of this matter in this "Case." He also gave to the world, 1. Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani, 1726; 2. The Law of Pawns, Lon., 1732; A New Pandect of the Roman Civil Law, 1734. "Ayliffe's work, though learned. is dull and tedious. and stuffed with superfluous matter, delivered in a most confused manner."— Preface to Brown's Civ. Law.

Aylmer,G.J. Introduc. to Prac. Arithmetic, Lon., 1812. Aylmer, or Ælmer, John, 1521-1594, an eminent English prelate, was at one time chaplain to the Marquis of Dorset, afterwards Duke of Suffolk, and tutor to his daughter, Lady Jane Grey. See ASCHAM, ROGER. In the convocation held in the first year of Queen Mary, he was one of the six learned men who offered to dispute all the controverted points in religion against the most learned champions of the Papists. Obliged to leave his country, he found a quiet retreat at Zurich. Whilst abroad, he answered a treatise pub. by John Knox, at Geneva, in 1558, against the government of women. The title of this answer is sufficiently curious to be extracted:

"An Harborowe for faithfull and trewe subiectes, against the late blowne Blaste concerning the Gouerinet of Wemen; wherein be confuted al such reasons as a straunger of late made in that behalfe. With a Brief Exhortation to Obedience. Strasb., 1559, 4to."

Upon the accession of Elizabeth, he returned, and in 1562 was made Archdeacon of Lincoln, and in 1576 was promoted to the bishopric of London, upon the translation of Bishop Sandys to York.

He was well learned in the languages, was a ready disputant, and a deep divine."-Athen, Oxon.

Wood tells us of an instance of his tact in exciting the

attention of an inattentive auditory, which dece, or something equally efficacious, we commend to some preachers of our own day.

"When his Auditory grew dull and inattentive he would, with some pretty and unexpected conceit, move them to attention

Among the rest was this: He read a long Text in Hebrew, where upon all seemed to listen what would come after such strange Words, as if they had taken it for some conjuration: then he shewed their folly, that when he spake English, whereby they might be instructed and edified, they neglected, and hearkened not to it; and now to read Hebrew, which they understood no word of, they seem'd careful and attentive."

Aylmer, John. Musæ Sacra: seu Jonas, Jeremiæ, Threni, et Daniæ, Græco reddita, carmine, Oxon., 1652. Aylmer, Justin. Assize Sermon: 1 Pet. ii. 7, 1704. tion Sermon, on 2 Pet. ii. 1, against the errors of Popery, Aylmer, Wm., a convert from Popery. A Recantaparticularly Transubstantiation, &c., Oxon., 1713.

He

Ayloffe, Sir Joseph, 1709-1781, a distinguished antiquary, was entered at St. John's College, Oxf. in 1724. completed a Calendar of the Ancient Charters, and of the Scotch and Welsh Rolls in the Tower of London, (pub. Lon., 1780,) commenced by the Rev. Philip Morant. He contributed some papers to the Archeologia, (see vol. iii., pp. 185, 239, 376,) and aided in editing second editions of Hearne's Leland's Collecteana, his Liber Niger, and his Curious Discourses. Mr. Thorp had the benefit of his services in the publication of the Registrum Roffense, in 1769. He also contributed to the publication of the Society of Antiquaries, and to the Vetusta Monumenta. Mr. Gough, referring to his own Sepulchral Monuments of Great Britain, thus deplores the loss of our author, to whom he applies title which few men better deserved than Mr. Gough himself:

"The Society of Antiquaries have published engravings of Five Monuments in Westminster Abbey, with an accurate description

by the Montfaucon of England, the late Sir Joseph Ayloffe. When I reflect on his intimate acquaintance with every part of that valuable structure, and the opportunities he had for pursuing his inquiries there, I am at a loss whether to lament his reluctance to continue what he had so happily begun, or my own presumption in attempting to supply his knowledge by vain conjectures. He closed a life devoted to the study of our National Antiquities be fore three sheets of this work had passed the press; and it can only pay a tribute to his abilities."-Nichols's Literary Anecdotes. "His extensive knowledge of our national antiquities and municipal rights, and the agreeable manner in which he communicated it to his friends and the public, made him sincerely regretted by all who had the pleasure of his acquaintance."

Ayme, Isaac. Trichiasis admodum rara, &c., Lon.,1684. Aymes, John. A Rich Storehouse for the Diseased, Lon., 1670.

Chapel, on John i. 19, 1689.
Ayray, Jas. A Sermon at the Spanish Ambassador's

Ayre, John. The Mystery of Godliness, Lon., 1837 Ayre, Joseph. Christian Philanthropist's Pilgrimage; a Poem, Lon., 12mo. Nature and Origin of Dropsies, 8vo. Disorders of the Liver, Svo. Treatment of Cholera by Calomel, 8vo. Dropsy in the Brain, Svo. Four Ethic Epistles opposing some of Mr. Pope's Opinions Ayre, Wm. Memories of Alex. Pope, Lon., 1745; of Man., 1752.

Ayres, J. A. Legends of Montauk, 12mo, N. Y. 1693-1700. The most celebrated penman of his day. Ayres, John. Works upon Arithmetic and Writing, Ayres, P. Emblems of Love, 1687; Poems, 1687; Fables, Lon.. 1689.

Ayres, W. T. Notes on Blackstone's Com., Dub., 1780. Severely criticized in the Lon. Monthly Review. Ayrton, John. Pharmacologia, or the History of Medical Substances, 1818.

Ayrton, S. Practice in Bankruptcy, Lon., 1840. Ayrton, Edmund, d. 1808, an Eng. musical composer. Ayscough, Francis. Sermons pub, 1736-55. Ayscough, Geo. Edward, edited the Works of George, Lord Lyttleton, 1744; pub. Semiramis, a Tra gedy, 1777; Letters from an Officer, 1778.

Ayscough, Philip. Sermon, Rom. i. 19, 1729, etc. Ayscough, Saml., 1745–1804, a clergyman, for about twenty years assistant librarian in the British Museum. In 1783 Mr. Ayscough pub. Remarks on the Letters of an American Farmer, or a Detection of the Errors of Mr. J. Hector St. John, &c. Charles Lamb refers to the work reviewed in a letter in 1805:

"Oh! tell Hazlitt not to forget to send me the American Farmer I dare say it is not so good a book as he fancies; but a book's a book.” Catalogue of the MSS. Preserved in the British Museum, hitherto undescribed, consisting of 5000 volumes, &c. Lon., 1782.

"This elaborate catalogue is upon a new plan, for the excellence of which an appeal may safely be made to every visitor of the Museum since the date of its publication."-CHALMERS